Establishing an apple orchard to increase production and increase revenue
Editor's note: At present, it is another year to build a garden. Apple is the main cultivated fruit tree in northern China. Although the apple trees planted nowadays have to pass the test of severe winter, the survival rate of seedlings is low, but the slow seedling period is short, the germination is early in the next year, and the seedlings grow prosperous. Seizing the establishment of apple orchards during this period has a pivotal significance for increasing the income of fruit farmers.
When will the apple orchard be built?
The apple orchard is planted in autumn and spring plants. After spring thawing, before germination, the survival rate of planting before germination was the highest. The autumn planting period is after the defoliation until the soil is frozen. At this time, the soil has good moisture and high temperature, the seedling wound is easy to heal and can promote new roots, and the planting survival rate is high, but attention should be paid to winter protection.
The location of the apple orchard should be scientific
The location of the apple orchard should pay attention to five aspects: First, concentrate on contiguous films. Concentrated contiguous planning to build a park, in order to facilitate intensive management, rapid formation of commodity scale and production center, expand visibility, and participate in market competition. Second, the terrain is flat. Choose a gentle slope with a flat terrain or less than 5 degrees, and build a garden with sufficient light, large temperature difference between day and night, and good ventilation. Avoid building gardens in low-lying and wet places. Third, the soil is good. The depth of the soil layer of the garden should be more than 60 cm. The soil is loose and the permeability is good. It is suitable for neutral or slightly acidic loam or sandy loam. Fourth, the altitude is higher. The garden is built at an altitude of 800~1200 meters. The ultraviolet light makes the apple color more vivid. The altitude is too high, the accumulated temperature is not enough, and the sugar content of the fruit is reduced, which affects the coloring. Fifth, deep change the soil. In the land where the soil layer is thinner, the texture is thicker or more viscous, it is necessary to deepen the soil and apply more farmyard manure.
New apple orchard
The selection of seedlings should adhere to the principle of “self-cultivation, self-cultivation and self-cultivationâ€. It is preferred to select 2~3 year old seedlings with intact roots, no pests and diseases, full buds, pure rootstocks and strong growth, and resolutely put an end to the adjustment of seedlings from infected areas. The standard of high-quality seedlings is: there are more than 3 main roots, more than 20 cm in length, more than 0.45 cm in base thickness, and more small lateral roots and fibrous roots; the stems are thick and strong, the seedling height is more than 120 cm, and the stems are 10 cm above the interface. The thickness is more than 1.2 cm, the buds on the seedlings are full, and there are more than 8 full buds in the plastic belt; the graft interface is good, and there is no quarantine object for pests and diseases.
In terms of variety matching, late-maturing varieties can choose “Fujiâ€, “Pink Ladyâ€, etc.; middle-ripening varieties can choose “Honey-fried†and “Royal Juraâ€. At the same time, we should pay attention to selecting 2~3 pollination varieties with good affinity with the main varieties. The ratio of main planting varieties to pollinated varieties should be 5:1 or 4:1. The distribution should be as uniform as possible in the garden.
New apple orchard planting density å’‹ determination
Qiao anvil ~ common type of rootstock combination The tree has the strongest growth potential, the canopy is tall, the long branch is the most, and the tree is difficult to control. Generally, the row spacing is 4~6 meters, and the plant spacing is 2.5~4 meters. The specific planting distance should be determined according to local conditions. For example, if the water and fertilizer conditions are good, the flat land or mountain hills will have a row spacing of 5~6 meters, and the plant spacing is 4 meters. The planting is 417~500 plants per hectare. In the hilly land with poor fertilizer and water conditions, the row spacing is 4~4.5 meters, and the plant spacing is 3~. 4 meters is suitable, planting 624~740 plants per hectare; and in the dryland and infertile land, the row and plant spacing should be reduced by about 0.5 meters.
The comprehensive growth potential of the three combinations of Qiao anvil, short branch, dwarf intermediate anvil, short branch, dwarf anvil, short branch and rootstock combination is significantly weaker than that of the anvil to the common type, and the canopy is smaller 1/ 3~1/2. Therefore, the row and plant spacing should be 0.5 to 1 meter smaller than the common type combination.
Dwarf intermediate anvil ~ common type anvil ~ ear combination This combination of trees is moderate, the crown is large, with a row spacing of 3 ~ 4 meters, plant spacing of 2 ~ 3 meters is appropriate, planting 825 ~ 1665 plants per hectare.
Dwarf self-rooted anvil ~ common type anvil ~ ear combination This combination of comprehensive growth is weak or weak, the tree is moderately dwarfed, with a row spacing of 4 meters, plant spacing of 1.5 to 2 meters is appropriate.
The virus-free anvil to ear combination under the same cultivation conditions, the annual growth of the virus-free anvil to ear combination plant is about 30% larger than that of the virus, the tree is strong, the canopy is large, the branches are long, and it is difficult to control, so the planting line The plant spacing is 0.5~1 m larger than that of the virus, and 990~1665 plants per hectare are suitable.
New apple orchard three tree shapes available
The slender spindle shape is suitable for dwarf and short-branched varieties with a spacing of 2 meters and 3.5 to 4 meters. It is a tree-shaped tree that is widely promoted in dense planting gardens. The basic structure is that the dry height is 60~70 cm and the height of the tree is about 3 meters. The center is strong and erect, and it has 14~18 uniaxial temporary small branches with moderate growth, similar forces and spiral rises. The small main branches are 15~25 cm apart and the branches are not more than 1 m. The thickness is l~3.5 cm, the opening angle is 100~110, the spacing of the small main branches is 80~90 cm, and the small main branch is about 15 cm on each side. The whole tree is slender, slightly up and down, slightly longer in the middle, and has a spindle shape. The formation of the formation of the park will not reach the plant between the plants, leaving a 1 meter operation zone between the rows. The amount of acres is controlled at 6 to 80,000.
The modified spindle shape is suitable for Qiaohua varieties and semi-dwarf varieties with a row spacing of 3 meters 4-5 meters. The basic structure is that the trunk height is 60~70 cm and the tree height is 3~3.5 meters. Zhonggan is strong and erect, and the base is filled with three long permanent branches with a length of 1.3~1.5 meters. The angle is extended to 80~85. On both sides of the small main branch, a small and medium-sized one is directly placed at intervals of 20~30 cm. The result is a branch group; the upper part of the middle and the middle is uniformly planted with 8~9 temporary uniaxially extending temporary small branches with moderate growth, similar forces, and arranged in a spiral shape. The branch length is 1~1.3 meters, and the opening angle is 100. . A drooping result branch is formed every 15~20 cm on both sides of the small main branch. After the formation, the orchard population structure will not reach between the plants, leaving 1 to 1.5 meters of working belt between rows, and the amount of acres is controlled at 7 to 80,000.
The small crown sparse layer shape is suitable for the common type of arbor anvil with a row spacing of 3~4 meters and 5 meters. The basic structure is that the dry height is 60~80 cm, and the height of the tree and the diameter of the crown are both 3~3.5 meters. The whole tree has 5~6 small main branches, arranged in layers, with 3 main branches on the first floor and 2~3 main branches on the second floor. The first layer is 20~30 cm in length, and only two main branches are left in the general fruiting period. The distance from the first layer to the second layer is 100 to 110 cm. On the first floor, each main branch is equipped with 1~2 small side branches, which are arranged on both sides. The main branch of the second layer does not leave side branches, leaving only the various branches. The opening angle of the main branch is 70~75.
How to plant apple trees
Ditching (holes) to improve the land planning and construction of the plot should be done several months in advance to open the ditch (hole) to change the soil work, it is best to dig autumn planting or summer digging spring planting, so that the deep soil can have enough time Ripening. The specific method is: excavating a planting ditch (acupoint) with a width of 1 m and a depth of 0.8 to 1.0 m according to the determined row direction and line spacing. When excavating, the topsoil and the subsoil should be piled up separately; the second should be backfilled in time, and the 2~3 layers of the lower part of the ditch (hole) should be filled with crushed crop straw, weeds, leaves and other organic matter, and then filled with topsoil and organic fertilizer. , phosphate fertilizer mixture, and finally covered with soil.
Before the fixed pit excavation, according to the determined plant spacing, the central part of the planting ditch (hole) that has been excavated and backfilled is lined, and then planted in a planting pit of 30 cm square centered on the planting point.
Seedlings should be checked and registered before seedling planting, and then graded according to quality, and the seedlings with weak quality, deformity and excessive root damage should be removed, or they can be planted. For the selected seedlings, the main and lateral roots should be cut off a little, and then the seedlings should be placed in clean water for a day and night to make them fully absorb water. When planting, the seedlings are completely immersed in the prepared phosphate fertilizer solution (high-quality superphosphate 1.5 kg + loess 10 kg + water 50 kg, fully stirred) for half an hour or with the plant. The seedlings after pruning the roots can also be immersed in 1%~2% of the superphosphate solution for 12-24 hours, and then planted with the mud roots.
Planting will plant the bottom of the planting pit into a mound, so that the roots are evenly distributed on the mound, support the seedlings, then fill the topsoil around the roots, and gently lift the seedlings to stretch the roots, then use the feet to make the soil Closely connected, and finally fill the ground to the ground level, and ensure that the soil print on the dried seedlings is level or slightly higher than the ground. Watering in time after planting, and then sealing the soil. When planting, you should also pay attention to the planting of 10% of the same varieties and the same quality of "prepared seedlings". If there are unsuccessful or damaged plants in the second year, they can be replanted in autumn to keep the garden appearance neat.
Apple plantation management
Buried soil and cold weather in winter is relatively cold, dry and accompanied by strong winds. Newly planted seedlings must be buried and protected from cold before the soil is frozen. When burying the soil, first make a "soil beam" around the seedlings to prevent the seedlings from being bent when bending the seedlings, and then slowly bend the seedlings to the northwest direction so that they are close to or close to the ground, and then The seedlings are covered with soil 30~50 cm thick, and the seedlings are all buried. Pay attention to the light and slow when drying the curved seedlings. When the soil is covered, it should be broken, but it cannot be rubbed with a foot or a tool to prevent damage to the seedlings.
Before the germination in the spring, the seedlings for burying the soil and cold-proof should be ground in time. Generally, after the temperature has risen and stabilized after the Qingming period, the soil can be planted. The planing soil can be used to plan the seedlings at one time, and the seedlings can be placed in separate sections according to the weather conditions. After putting the seedlings, the righting seedlings are fixed in time, and the dry height is 0.8~1.0 meters. If the seedlings are of poor quality, the fixed dry height should be lower. After setting, use a plastic film tape, wax or fruit tree healing agent to seal the cut.
The seedling bag is made of a common agricultural plastic film and is made of a three-side seal with a width of about 5 to 7 cm and a length of about 90 to 110 cm, and a long tubular plastic bag with an open side. In autumn, the seedlings are planted in the spring of the second year. When bagging, the seedlings are completely covered with plastic bags from top to bottom, and the lower end is buried in the soil. When the young shoots in the bag grow to about 3 cm, the bag is removed in 3 to 4 times, so that the seedlings in the bag gradually adapt to the external environment. The first time around the bag, 4~5 holes with a diameter of about 1 cm are ventilated, and then expanded every 2~3 days. After 6~8 days, when the temperature and humidity conditions inside and outside the bag are basically the same, all in the evening. Remove the residual bag. It is not advisable to go to the bag too early, too fast or too late. If the bag is too early, the shoots may still be harmed by insects such as chafers; the bags are too urgent, and the new leaves are quickly exposed to the dry atmosphere from the high-humidity environment. The edge is easy to burn; the bag is too late, because the temperature inside the bag is too high, it is easy to cause the blade to burn or twist due to the long growth of the new shoot.
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