Establishment of Hazelnut Hazel Orchard

Hazel cultivation in China began in the 1990s. Although it was late, the new hazel garden should be developed toward the goal of horticulture and commercialization. High input, high output, quick yield, reduced costs, and more efficiency should be the direction of modern commercial hazelnuts.

I. Garden selection

Hazel trees are perennial fruit trees that have been planted and managed for many years. Therefore, when choosing the site, not only should natural conditions such as climate and soil be taken into account, but also factors such as socio-economic conditions and transportation should be taken into consideration. Carefully choose the site to build the park in order to achieve the best production and the greatest economic benefits. The main considerations are the following conditions.

(I) Climate

Temperature conditions, whether the annual average temperature in the hazel cultivation area, the absolute cold winter can not make hazel safe winter. Precipitation and its monthly distribution can satisfy the moisture demand of hazel trees. Whether the time and frequency of night cream appear can be affected during the flowering period.

(b) Topography

Hazel trees are best planted on the flat ground. The soil on the ground is deep and fertile, and the hazel tree grows fast. It can produce early results, produce as early as possible, and is easy to manage and mechanize. It can reduce management costs. The disadvantage is that drainage is inconvenient when there is a large amount of precipitation, and the drainage system should be considered when designing. Hazel trees are planted on gentle slopes. The soil is deep and the light is sufficient, which is conducive to drainage. It is also an ideal condition for building a hazel garden. To build a garden in a hilly area, it should be on the slope of the slope, where the soil is deep, which is conducive to the growth of the hazel. When the slope is not large, the garden can be built on any slope.

(c) Soil

The well-drained sandy loam soil grows best because sandy loam has good air permeability and organic matter is easily decomposed. Secondly, loamy soil and light-clay loam soil are also good soils. The deep and fertile soil is favorable for the growth and development of the hazel tree. The thickness of the soil layer is more than 60cm. The soil layer less than 60cm should improve the soil. It is not suitable to establish a hazel garden with soil heavy weight, low gravy, and heavy saline soil.

(d) Water sources

Hazel trees enjoy a humid environment and the climate in the north is characterized by drought in spring. Therefore, ensuring water supply is an indispensable condition for hazelnuts. The park can be built near rivers, rivers, reservoirs and groundwater sources.

(v) Social conditions

The product of the hazelnuts is nuts. The sales of the hazelnuts and the conditions for food processing should be taken into account when constructing the garden, as well as the conditions for selling storage and transportation, and whether the management of hazelnuts can provide labor.

Second, planning and design

The establishment of a large-scale commercial hazel farm requires scientific planning and design so that it can make rational use of land, conforms to advanced management models, adopts modern technologies and mechanized operations, reduces investment, starts production early, and achieves the best economic and social benefits.

(I) Preparation

1 Survey local weather, geology, soil, plants, etc. Collect soil samples for laboratory analysis.

2 Survey of social and economic conditions such as market, labor, agricultural machinery, transportation, and farmers' income.

8 Inspect and topographically survey the gardens and draw sketches for planning and design.

4 Calculate the size of the garden and the amount of design investment for the garden.

(B) Hazel Park Planning

After the site and scale of operations are determined, it is necessary to make a unified plan for the establishment of sub-districts, roads, shelter forests, irrigation and drainage systems, and related buildings.

1. Community division

In order to facilitate mechanized operations, hazelnuts should be concentrically attached as much as possible. However, for the convenience of transportation and management, for larger hazel gardens, the area should be divided. The area of ​​each cell should not be too large. Generally, it is appropriate to use 10 to 20 mu for the rectangle. It is necessary to use natural ditches as the boundary to divide the community. Management and soil and water conservation. The communities are often separated by roads.

2. Road setting

It is generally necessary to set up trunk roads, slip roads and work lanes. The main road is 5 to 6 meters wide. It is the main road in the park. It connects with the highway and connects with the branch road. It divides the hazel garden into several large areas. The branch road is 3 to 4 meters wide. It divides the park area into several small districts. There are working lanes in the community. There are 1 working lanes per 10 rows of trees, 3 meters wide.

3. Drainage and irrigation system settings

Local water sources such as rivers, streams, groundwater, Xiaoxiao Reservoir, pond dams, and wells should be fully utilized to divert water to the park. According to the size of the garden area and the water requirement, a reservoir shall be built at the height of the park. The setting of irrigation channels, whether in dry or sloping areas, should be consistent with the long side of the Hazel Park community. The branch of the water transport is consistent with the short side of the community. The channels of mountain gardens are different from those of plains. They can be combined with soil and water conservation systems to dig into open ditch along certain contour lines and can be used for both irrigation and drainage purposes. Flatland gardens, such as irrigation, can not open irrigation channels. In the hazel orchard of the mountain, when the slope of the road is large, a drainage ditch should be set up along the roadside. A ditch should be set up every l0rn in the ditch to slow down the water potential and prevent erosion. The drainage ditch next to the road should be connected with the main drainage ditch so as to avoid flushing the road and the garden due to excessive water.

The irrigation system of modern hazelnut gardens should be of water-saving type and mainly divided into three systems: pipeline irrigation systems, which use water pipes to transport water to the hazel garden, implement tree tray irrigation or furrow irrigation, and sprinkle irrigation systems to increase the air in the garden. Humidity, improving the local environment; drip irrigation system, save water, keep the soil moist, but the cost of the facilities increased. See Figure 4-2 Hazel Nursery Irrigation System. This system is also suitable for the establishment of hazelnuts.

4. Windbreak settings

In order to prevent wind damage and improve the microclimate conditions in the park, windbreaks should be set up. In the planning and design, the direction of the forest belt, the distance between the belts, the form of the forest network, and the appropriate tree species should be designed according to the local topography, main wind direction and the effective distance of the forest belt windbreak (generally 20 to 30 times the tree height). The protection forests of mountain hazel can be set around the garden, on both sides of the valley, or on the watershed. The main forest belt generally has 5 to 8 rows, which is perpendicular to the direction of the local main wind, and the secondary forest has 2 to 4 rows, which are vertically arranged with the main forest belt.

5. Other facilities

According to the size of hazel orchard and the production of hazelnuts, a fruit-plotting area, a fruit selection field and a packing yard should be set up. Generally, there should be one place for every 1 to 2 plots. The site needs to be clean and dry, and it is convenient for stacking hazelnut fruits with pods, as well as dislocating, drying and removing debris. The piled fruit farm should be set up with garden buildings such as workshops and warehouses. However, the warehouse where hazelnuts are stored must be separated from warehouses for storing medicines, medical equipment, chemical fertilizers, and drug dispensing pools to prevent hazelnuts from being contaminated by harmful gases, odors, etc., affecting hazelnut flavor and food safety.

(c) The design of the hazelnut

After the overall planning of the hazel garden is confirmed, it is necessary to carry out the design of the garden and draw out the planning and design map of the garden. In the figure, the location of the planting garden, irrigation and drainage system, roads, site buildings, fruit dumps, medicine pools, etc., and the area thereof are marked. The design of the planting garden should be designed on the basis of the overall planning and design, and the planting plans for each area should be drawn out. The following contents should be included on the planting map: the location of the colonization, the distance planted, the variety planted in each plot, and the number of plants.

When designing planting maps, pay attention to the distance between the first plant in each row and the roads, irrigation and drainage channels, and windbreaks. Finally, draw contour plans and contour maps of the mountains.

The planning and design of the above-mentioned park is mainly aimed at establishing a large-scale commercial hazel garden. The individual farmers establish a small hazel garden (below 50 mu), although not as large as a large hazel farm, but in order to facilitate the management, labor saving, and economic efficiency of Hazel Park, there must be a scientific and reasonable arrangement in the establishment of the country and a design plan. In particular, the division of communities, the design of roads, irrigation and drainage systems are very important. Also consider the use of small agricultural machinery, improve work efficiency, reduce labor and reduce costs.

Third, species selection and pollination tree configuration

(a) Variety selection

The good seed is the basis for high yield and quality of hazel. Therefore, when choosing varieties and combinations, the characteristics of the varieties must be fully taken into account in selecting the varieties and combinations, and suitable varieties that are suitable for the local climate and soil conditions should be selected. China's hazel cultivation is still in its infancy. The current cultivars are divided into two categories: Pingou Hybrid Hazelnut and Cork.

1. Pingou hybrid hazelnut

The Pingyang hybrid hazelnut new varieties series, a total of 59 varieties (strains) (see Chapter 2), because of its large fruit, thin shell, high rate of kernels, good quality, smooth and full of nuts, high yield, With strong cold resistance, most of the varieties (strains) can safely overwinter in the south of 42 degrees north latitude, and are suitable for cultivation from the south of the Shenyang region to the north of the Yangtze River. For species selection in a specific area, first consider the adaptability of the species to climatic soils, and in particular, whether it is safe to overwinter in winter. To cultivate hazel trees within the range of annual average temperatures of 7.0°C to 10°C, consider the cold resistance of the varieties and select the varieties that can safely pass winter. In the north of Shenyang, the average annual temperature of less than 7.5 °C can be selected to plant varieties more resistant to cold, such as Pingou 2l, Pingou 210, Pingdinghuang, Dawei and so on. In areas where the average annual temperature is above 10°C, it is not necessary to consider cold resistance and wintering. Therefore, there is a large selection opportunity for the variety, and the selection of the variety is mainly based on factors such as soil conditions and yield, nut size, and quality.

In addition, according to the product's sales and use selection of varieties, such as for the sale of nuts, should choose nut color, appearance of the United States, a good degree of uniformity of fruit varieties. If you want to shell processing of nuts and processed foods, do not have to consider the appearance of nuts is good or bad, but to choose a round nut variety for mechanical shelling processing.

2. European hazel

European hazelnut is an important tree species in the genus Corylus, and its superior varieties have a large fruit size, a high rate of kernel production, high yield and other characteristics. Hazel trees cultivated in Europe, Central Asia and North America mainly use this species. However, the disadvantage of this species is that it is not cold-tolerant. In winter, it only withstands low temperatures of -4°C to -6°C. It is not safe to overwinter in the north of latitude 36 in China. In addition, the European hazel has a strong selectivity to the climate and has a narrow adaptation area. It is cultivated mainly in the Mediterranean climate region. Although it was successfully introduced in Taian, Shandong, it needs to be tested in cultivation in the south of Taian. In addition to varieties that are suitable for cultivation in China, except for the three varieties that have been identified (Lianfeng, Yifeng, and Taifeng), other introduced varieties are still being tested, and no final conclusion can be made yet. Therefore, introduction of Chinese hazelnuts throughout China should be preceded by a small amount of trial planting, and then a large number of successful cultivation, and take a steady development path.

In summary, in China's hazel cultivation, most of the current cultivation areas should be selected for the climatic soil adaptability Pingyang hybrid hazelnut new varieties series.

(II) Pollination tree configuration

Hazel trees are cross-pollination plants. Hazel cultivation requires pollination trees to produce high yields. At present, China has not selected fixed pollination varieties. Therefore, when constructing a garden, 3 to 4 main cultivars should be selected for each garden or plot, and they should be planted alternately. The florescence of the varieties is the same or similar. Each species is planted with 3 to 5 lines and plants can be pollinated with each other. At present, developed countries in hazel cultivation are also planted in this way. If the pollination tree is separately configured, the effective pollination distance of the hazel pollen is 18m. According to this principle, the main cultivars 4 to 5 lines and the pollination cultivar 1 line can meet the pollination requirements.

Fourth, planting

(I) Planting density and methods

1. The planting density determines the planting density of the hazel tree, including the cultivation type, variety, cultivation method, tree shape, topography, soil, and climatic conditions. The fertile soil and the flat land should be planted at a larger distance. The slope is relatively large, and the thin soil of the mountain hazel can be planted with a smaller spacing. The varieties with strong growth and open canopy have larger row spacing, while those with weak growth and erect and compact crowns have smaller row spacing. According to different cultivation purposes, the cultivation density also varies. Some of them can be planted early in order to produce early yields, and they can be thinned when the field is closed. Some gardens can be used as a brooding nursery in the early stages of development, and they can be used to grow bulge seedlings. Later, they can be converted into production gardens when no seedlings are needed in production. If single planting is used for dense planting, the row spacing is 2m3m, and 111 plants per acre can be planted. After the tree is older, it can be thinned or transplanted on the row and become 4m3m (Table 5-1).

Because of its tall tree crown, weaker plexus, and slightly more dry stems, the vines are more single-stemmed and lesser-stemmed. Therefore, the planting density is smaller than that of the hybrid filberts, and the row spacing is larger (Table 5- 1). However, judging from the general trend of European hazel cultivation abroad, the spacing of planting plants is getting smaller and smaller, and the spacing of plants in Italy and U.S. Xinzhiyuan is 3m4m, 3m5.5m, 4m~5m, and 5m5m, which is 1 time shorter than 20 years ago. In order to obtain early output increase.

Table 5-1 Hazel tree planting density

Species planting purposes
9 years before
10 years later

Row spacing (m)
Number of trees/mu spacing (m)
Number of trees/mu

Pingou

Hybrid

Hazelnut seedlings in the early stages, late for the production park
1.52
222
32
74

1.53
148
33
74

Thinning after early dense planting and high yield
1.54
111
34
55

twenty three
111
43
55

Planting production park
2.53
88
Before the 9th birthday

twenty four
83

33
74

2.54
66

European hazel plantation
2.53.5
76
Before the 9th birthday

33
74

34
55

35
44

45
33

2. Planting methods

Regardless of hybrid hazelnuts or hazelnuts, their cultivation methods can be planted in rectangles, squares and triangles. However, rectangular and triangular planting is conducive to tree ventilation and light transmission, and the square planting is convenient for mechanized cultivation. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Flatland planting lines should be directed north and south, which will help the trees receive light evenly, while the mountains will be planted along the contour lines.

(b) Land preparation

1. Site preparation

After the hazel garden site is selected, it is first necessary to carry out garden reclamation to clean up miscellaneous materials such as miscellaneous trees, weeds, stones, etc., and then perform land leveling. In the garden where the gap is not big, artificial dryness is generally adopted, and the garden with a large gap or unevenness is flattened with a bulldozer, and then the entire garden is deep-rooted to a depth of 30cm. In poorly-drained flat-land construction gardens, after deep-turning in the garden, they shall be converted into low-level terraces and 20-25cm high between the rows. For mountainous hazelnuts with steep slopes, terraces should be built first. The width of the terraces should be taken into consideration. A gentle slope can be repaired with a horizontal ditch, that is, digging shallow ditch along the contour line. Each planting line can dig a ditch with a width of 40-50cm, and the ditch depth is about 20cm. Digging the soil from the top is to cultivate the soil below. The irregular topography of the slope is centered on the site of the planting center, and the earth is cultivated from the upper part to form a half-moon scale pit. The role of the horizontal ditch and the fish scale pit is to intercept rainwater and the soil and organic matter washed off from the upper part.

2. Trench

Colony points were determined based on the location of the colonization plots in each plot and the row spacing. When making the site, it must be noted whether the vertical and horizontal orientations are correct. After the entire park has been established, the planting hole will be dug. It is advisable to excavate the planting hole in the fall of the first year of planting. If it is too late, the planting hole will be dug as soon as possible after the planting in spring. When digging a hole, the center of the planting site should be the center. The diameter of the planting hole should be 80cm to 100cm, and the depth should be 60 to 70cm. The small plant spacing can also be digging along this line. When the hole, topsoil, ripe soil on one side, the bottom of the soil on the other side. When backfilling, 20kg soil excrement per hole is mixed evenly with the subsoil, fill in the lower part of the planting hole, and then the surface layer of mature soil fills the upper part of the planting hole. If the bottom soil is heavy and there are more stones, subsoil may be used. The top soil between the rows is mixed with the soil and directly into the lower part of the planting hole. The upper part of the planting hole (30 cm below the ground) is filled with the surface soil without any fertilizer.

(3) Seedling preparation

1 Whether it is self-cultivation or purchase of seedlings, quarantine should be carried out before the planting, the variety check, the number of seedlings checked, and the registration card. Find errors and correct them in time to avoid confusion in planting.

2 Select high-quality strong seedlings, pruning the root system, and selecting the roots with advanced, more than 8 to 10 roots of lignified roots, 20cm of root length, and more seedlings with fibrous roots, stems, full shoots, and seedling height of 50cm or more. Excluding weak, excessive wounds, poor quality seedlings. The selected seedlings were slightly trimmed, and the length of the root was cut off by 10-12 cm, and the root litchi of the stem base was cut off and the l00 cm portion of the shoot was cut off.

8 Seedlings transported from the outside are susceptible to water loss during transportation. Immediately after reaching the site of planting, they should be planted with wet soil or sand-bearing roots to allow them to fully absorb water before planting them. The hazel seedlings are soaked in water to restore the water lost from the seedlings. Soaking time cannot exceed 30 minutes.

(IV) Planting Technology

1. Planting time

The planting period of hazelnut has a great influence on improving the survival rate. Although it can be planted in spring and autumn, in view of the fact that most regions in northern China have less precipitation in winter and the air is dry, it is advocated by both Pingyang hybrid hazelnut and European hazelnut. Planted in spring. In the Liaoning region in mid-April, North China can be advanced to the late March. The Yellow River-Yangtze River Basin should be from late February to early March, and it must not be later than mid-March. In short, the colonization of hazel must be completed before sprouting. If the seedlings have already sprouted and replanted, the survival rate will be reduced.

2. Planting methods

Planting specific requirements:

1 Before planting, the soil moisture of the planting hole should be checked, and the humidity can be properly planted. If there is an immediate irrigation condition, the soil can be planted slightly.

2 Depth of planting: The root can not be buried too deep or too shallow. It is required that the root neck and the ground be flat or slightly lower than the ground 5cm after planting. Root depth above 6 ~ l0cm is appropriate. If the soil in the hole is loose, it is difficult to control the depth of planting to prevent the watering of the soil after planting. Or use your feet to get a little deeper into the soil.

3 Planting: plant the seedlings into the prepared planting holes according to the variety planting plan, so that the root system is stretched, and the correction position should be observed when the same i is used. Before, after, left, right, and straight, then fill in the wet soil. When it is half filled, the seedlings are gently lifted upwards, and the soil is solidly put on the side so that the root system is tightly integrated with the soil. Then an irrigation tree tray is built around the seedlings, with a diameter of lm, which facilitates irrigation and storage of water. Immediately after planting, water should be poured and irrigation should be done thoroughly. After water infiltration, the soil is sealed and soiled and covered with a plastic film to moisturize and warm the roots of the seedlings and increase the survival rate.

V. Management of the year after planting

(I) Key measures to ensure the survival of plants

1 Maintain seedlings without losing water: When the seedlings are in the nursery, they shall be planted immediately after digging. When the seedlings are transported, they have water conservation measures. The seedlings are transported to the planting site immediately after being transplanted. During seedling storage, the seedlings are buried in the false planting ditch with wet sand. All these measures ensure that the seedlings do not lose water before planting.

2 Planted in a timely manner. Liaoning is generally planted in mid-April and the seedling buds will not germinate until planted.

3 Suitable planting depth, can not be planted deep, nor too shallow. Mung roots should not be exposed to manure to prevent root burning.

4 Irrigate the water immediately after planting, irrigate the water, and cover with plastic film. When the temperature is high in late May, the film is removed and then the water is poured.

5 Timely dry after planting to prevent evaporation of water. Single dry shaping and dry height 60~70cm, less dry plexiform shape control, fixed height of about 20cm, and when cutting, there must be 4~5 full shoots under the cut, try to lower, if the seedling stem does not have full shoots, The cuts must be moved upwards.

6 After germination, if the grafted seedlings are planted, the sprouts of the rootstock should be erased in time. In addition, we must prevent beetles and other pests from damaging sprouts.

(b) Measures to promote robust growth of plants

1 Strong seedlings before planting, with well-developed root system, and pruned root system when planting.

2 After the seedlings have survived, weeding and weeding will increase the permeability of the soil and promote the absorption of new roots and roots.

3 Forced fertilizer irrigation: If the soil is fertile, it is not necessary to top-dress fertilizers in the year of colonization. If a new root is required in the middle and early July, a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer (30-50g per plant) may be topdressed and water may be applied to accelerate seedling growth. . After the new shoots stopped growing, the 0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate was sprayed once every 10 days to promote shoot bud maturation and improve cold resistance and wintering.

4 Prevention of pests and diseases: Hazel seedlings have less pests and diseases, and they mainly prevent leaf-feeding pests, such as caterpillars, and spray them 1 or 2 times.

5 Arrange frozen water once before entering winter, and then apply soil to protect against cold. The base of one-year-old seedlings is cultured in wet soil to prevent air penetration, and the soil height is 30 cm.

Cultivation hazel management

First, pruning

(First, the purpose

Hazel trees, like other fruit trees, must be pruned according to their own growth and development characteristics to form a reasonable skeleton. Balance the tree potential, expand the canopy as soon as possible, and adjust the relationship between growth and results so as to achieve early results and early high-yield production.

(b) Methods

1. Shaping

The natural tree shape of hazelnuts, whether European hazel or Pingou hybrid hazelnuts are tall shrubs, tree height up to 5 ~ 8m, but the height of cultivated hazel trees should generally be controlled within 3 ~ 5m. At present, there are three kinds of cultivars used in the production of hazel: the lesser plexiform shape, the single stem shape, and the more dry plexiform shape.

(1) Leave 3 to 4 basal shoots as the main branch with less plexiform shape and extend in different directions. The main branch is borne with lateral branches, lateral branches with vegetative branches and resultant mother branches. The overall formation of a natural happy tree, tree height reached 3 ~ 5m. Less dry plexiform plastic pruning procedures: the first year: planting 1 year old seedlings, seedlings often do not have 3 basal shoots, so should be re-cut seedling stems, leaving about 20cm dry, in order to promote basal shoots germination, the following year to stay Main branch.

In the second year, 3 to 4 basal branches with different orientations were selected as the main branches, and light and short cuts were made, and 2/3 of the cut branches were left. The cuts left full shoots and lateral shoots, and the rest of the basal shoots were cut off from the base.

In the third year, the main branches selected by light and short cuts were selected, and the extension branches were selected. Each main branch selected 2 to 3 side branches, and light and short cuts. A canopy was formed and the branches on the main branch were cut from the ground to the 40 cm high branches. Pay attention to timely removal of sprouted twigs.

In the fourth year, the extension branches of the main lateral branches at various levels were continued, and the branches and sprouting branches below 40 cm were cut off. The crown continues to expand and the crown has basically taken shape.

(2) Single stem shape (Fig. 6-2) This kind of tree should keep a trunk, dry height 40~60cm, and select 3~4 uniform main branches on the main trunk, leaving the side branches on the main branch, and side branches. Primary lateral branches and resultant mother branches. A dwarf trunk is formed, and the upper part is a naturally happy canopy. Single stem shaper trimmer.

The first year: planting 1 year old seedlings, immediately after the planting, set dry height 60 ~ 70cm, keep the trunk height 40 ~ 60cm, trunk should be vertical upward.

In the second year, three to four main branches with different orientations were selected to be kept on the main trunk, and light and short cuts were made for each main branch, about 1/3 of the length of the branches was cut off, and full lateral shoots were left under the cut.

In the third year, two or three lateral branches were selected on each main branch, and light and short cuts were applied to the extension branches of each main branch, and the outer shoots were left under the cuts. The short branches of the inner canopy were not trimmed.

The fourth year: Continue to lightly shorten the extension of the main and lateral branches, and the crown is basically formed.

(3) Multi-dried plexiform This type of crown is selected to leave 5 to 8 basal branches as the main branches and the rest of the basal branches are cut off from the base. If the basal branches are less than the main branch number, they can be selected and kept in the buds. After the main branch is selected, the resulting mother and vegetative shoots are cultured. This type of tree-shaped main branch is too numerous and the nutrient distribution is unreasonable, and it has rarely been adopted nowadays.

2. prune

(1) Pruning time

1 winter pruning: that is, during the dormant period, generally in northern China, the winter season is less dry and rainy, and it is mostly pruned before spring sprouting. Trim in Liaoning in March.

2 summer pruning: that is carried out during the growing season, is particularly important for the rational allocation of nutrients.

(2) Pruning method

1 Different types of hazel trees have different degrees of crown opening and are adjusted by pruning. Hazel trees with erect canopies open their angles in a way that leaves the lateral branches open. If the canopy is opened excessively, upward standing branches should be left and the opening angle should be reduced. In short, it is appropriate to maintain the canopy open angle.

2 Hazel trees of different ages have different pruning methods. Generally unsuccessful saplings and early fruiting ones should be dominated by the expansion of the canopy. The light and short cuts were made on the prolonged branches of each main lateral branch, and 1/3 of its length was cut off, and attention was paid to adjusting the opening angle. For the long extension branches should be moderately short cut to prevent the phenomenon of "light pole" from occurring in the lower part. The twigs are not cut.

In the full fruiting period, the prolonged branches of each main branch should be lightly cut, cut off 1/3 or 1/2 of its length, and promote the occurrence of new shoots. For the branchlets within the canopy, except for the thin and weak branches, the branch of the disease and the branch, and the top branch, all other short branches must not be cut, and the remaining branches should be left as the result. In order to increase the amount of flower buds and increase the yield, the middle branches and short branches were not pruned, and only the short branches of the main branch were elongated. On the contrary, in order to promote the growth of strong branches, restore the tree vigor should be re-cut development branches, a short part of the mediocre branches to reduce the amount of flowering.

Old tree update. The 10-year-old hazel tree enters the full fruit period and can generally maintain 20 to 30 years. In order to prolong its economic life, it is necessary to pay attention to the timely update of pruning, that is, during this period, the hazel canopy begins to grow centripetally, the tree vigor declines, and the yield declines. Need to retract and cut the backbone. Grade 3 to 5 branches (the main stem is level 0, from the main branch to the first branch of each branch increased by 1) to carry out heavy shear, promote new shoot growth.

3 In addition to sprouting. After confirming the main branches, the saplings need to cut off the sprouting branches 2 to 3 times a year (except for the seedlings) to reduce the competition for tree nutrients.

4 When pruning in winter, in order to reduce the loss of water in the branches, apply paraffin or lead oil to larger cuts.

Second, soil fertilizer management

(I) Soil Management

Soil is the basis for the growth of trees and is directly related to the growth and development of hazel. The improvement of soil is a powerful measure and guarantee to achieve this goal. The methods include: deep-expansion and expansion, cultivation, intercropping, loose soil and weeding, clear cultivation, and weeding.

1. Deep turning, expanding hole

The soil outside the planting hole of hazel tree is deeply plowed to a depth of 40cm and a width of 50cm. It can be conducted every other year according to the specific conditions. In the soil with low organic matter content, the organic fertilizer must be applied in combination with the application of organic fertilizer. The topsoil should be separated from the subsoil, and then the organic fertilizer should be mixed with the table; In addition, soil and clay soils are mixed with soil according to soil conditions to enhance soil permeability and water permeability. When deep-enlarging the hole expansion, the ditch should be ditched from the canopy projection to minimize the root damage and backfill the soil in time to reduce the water loss in the bare root system. During deep-expansion and hole-expansion periods, if combined with Shiji, it should be carried out after harvesting of autumn fruit until the soil is frozen.

2. Loose soil and weeding (clear cultivation method)

During the growing season of hazel trees, no crops are planted in the garden, and farming is often carried out to eliminate weeds and keep the soil loose and free of weeds. Usually 4 to 6 times a year, preferably after the rain or after the irrigation, when the topsoil is not sticky, the foreign hazelnuts use the method of pressing the green trees, which can maintain the stability of the soil moisture and temperature in the tree tray, and at the same time prevent miscellaneous Grass grows and increases organic matter, but it is inconvenient to harvest hazel fruits. This method is suitable for adult hazel garden.

3. Grass method

Outside the tree trays, soil management methods such as grasses and legumes were planted between the hazel trees. Suitable for use in hazel gardens with good soil moisture conditions. Choose fine grass species (such as clover, grass rakes, etc.), add fertilizer and water at critical times, and cut the grass to cover under the trees. In the absence of organic matter, deep soil, and water and soil loss, grass cultivation is a better method of soil management. Grass growing method can also improve the absorption of K and P by hazel tree. Long-term use of grass-growing method, can easily cause hazelnuts to compete with water, but can be adjusted by cutting the grass cycle and the application of mineral fertilizers and other measures, such as annual mowing 2 or 3 times, increasing ammonium sulfate 5 ~ l0kg per mu, Reduce the above drawbacks. This method is suitable for adult hazel garden.

4. Inter-line work

The soil in the sapling tree trays can be either clear tillage or clear tillage. The depth of tillage is not limited to the roots. However, there are many open spaces in young hazel orchards, so young hazel plants within 5 to 6 years of hazel trees can be used as dwarf crops or green manure. Such as: beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes, peanuts, etc. can be intercropping. However, in order to avoid competing with hazel trees, the intercropping crops must be kept at a distance from the hazel trees. Such an intercropping can not only improve the micro-climate, it is conducive to the growth of saplings, and it can increase land utilization and increase income.

(b) Nutrition and Fertilization

Fertilization is one of the important links in the comprehensive management of soil in hazel orchards. The hazel tree grows on the same land for many years from the time of colonization until the completion of its entire life cycle, and every year it needs to absorb a large amount of nutrients from the soil, and the nutrients in the soil are consumed. In order to ensure the normal growth and seed setting of hazel tree, nutrient supplementation must be applied in time, and adequate nutrition is more conducive to the differentiation of hazel flower buds and reduce the range of results every year, and increase the amount of hazelnuts.

1. The main elements and their effects

The nutrients needed in the life of hazel have been found in about 10 species such as N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, and Zn. Here are some of the most important introductions:

(1) N Appropriate amount of N fertilizer can promote vegetative growth, delay aging, and increase light: combined efficacy, improved quality and increased yield. N is a chlorophyll, protein and other components, lack of N yellow leaves, affect the formation of carbohydrates and proteins, resulting in less foliage, new shoots and falling flowers. Long-term deficiency of N resulted in a decrease in nutrient levels of the nutrient in the hazel tree, which was characterized by irregular flowering and flowering, underdeveloped root systems, short plantlets, reduced stress resistance, and reduced tree age; excessive N-factors resulted in lengthy shoots, imperfect shoots, and flower bud differentiation. Less, serious drop and fruit drop, nut production, quality is low, wintering and resistance are reduced.

(2) PP can enhance the vitality of hazel. Promote flower bud differentiation, fruit development and seed maturation and enhance quality; but also improve the absorption capacity of the roots, promote the occurrence and growth of new root yang; increase irrelevant water, improve fruit cold resistance, drought resistance. Insufficient P, reduced enzyme activity, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, affect the normal activities of meristem, delayed the phenophase of budding and flowering of hazel, reduced growth of new shoots and fine roots, small leaves, early deciduous, floral bud differentiation Bad, affecting fruit quality, cold resistance, reduced drought resistance. Hazelnut development requires more P. Therefore, hazelnuts require more P-elements; excessive P-elements can cause N-containing substances to be deregulated and N deficient, yellowing leaves, reducing yield, and affecting the absorption of Fe, K, and Zn. Therefore, pay attention to the proportional relationship with N, K and other elements.

(3) K amount of K can promote fruit enlargement and maturation, promote the conversion and transportation of sugar, improve the quality of nuts, wells can promote bold growth of branches, tissue maturation, mechanical organization developed, improve cold resistance, drought resistance, high temperature and resistance Insect and disease ability, hazelnut contains higher K, so hazel has higher requirement for K. Inadequate K causes carbohydrate and N metabolism disturbances, protein synthesis is blocked, soluble N increases, and disease resistance decreases. Affects photosynthesis and reduces assimilation products. Therefore, the vegetative growth is poor, the leaf is small, the fruit is small, the fruit is easily cracked, the coloring is poor, the quality is poor, and the yield is low. Lack of K growth retardation, new shoots fine, leaf edge yellowing upward curl, leaves delayed, reduced resistance; K excess, branches are not full, cold resistance, but also affect the absorption of N, Mg, Ca.

(4) Ca Ca plays a role in balancing physiological activity in the hazel tree. Appropriate amounts of calcium can reduce the toxic effects of K, Na, Hg, Mn, and Pb ions in the soil. So that the tree normal absorption of ammonia nitrogen, and promote other growth and development; lack of Ca affect oxygen metabolism and nutrient transport, etc., which showed the root victim: short thick, curved, root tip dead; leaves become smaller, branches withered.

2. Fertilization period (basal fertilizer and forcing fertilizer)

The fertilization period should be based on the phenological period of the hazel tree and the type of fertilizer.

(1) In autumn, basal manure is applied to the organic fertilizer from the autumn fruit collection to the soil freezing (September to October). Manure, compost, green manure, and manure urine are mainly used to supply the tree for a long time. Nutrients for basic fertilizers. At the same time adding the appropriate amount of N, P, K compound fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer can increase soil porosity, loosen the soil, accelerate the integration of soil and fertilizer, improve the status of water, fertilizer, gas, and heat in the soil, and is conducive to microbial activity. Especially in the early fall season, the basal fertilizer has a long decomposition time for organic matter decomposition, and not only has a high degree of mineralization, but also can be used by the root system for timely absorption and utilization. And can promote flower bud differentiation, improve flower bud quality, enhance the wintering of the tree. It also helps protect the hazel plant, raise the temperature, and prevent frostbite in the root zone. If the fall is not enough time Shiji Fei, Qi Chun before spring buds. However, the base fertilizer in spring has a slower effect on fertilizer efficiency, and it often fails to meet the needs of the early spring growth of hazel, which in turn leads to the re-growth of branch shoots, affecting flower bud differentiation and fruit development.

(2) Topdressing Fertilizer that can make the tree strong, obtain high yield, high quality, and can lay the foundation for the growth results in the next year is an indispensable fertilization link for the production of hazel. Hazel usually top dressing twice: the first time from late May to early June, this time is the fruit ovary inflated and shoot growth; the second is from early July to mid-July, from early June to July In the first half of the year, rapid nut development and flower bud differentiation began. During this period, topdressing is extremely important for fruit growth, flower bud differentiation, and shoots enrichment. In addition, according to the needs of tree growth and development can also be sprayed fertilizer.

3. Fertilization method

Including soil fertilization and top dressing.

(1) Soil fertilization Hazel roots are shallow, generally horizontally spreading, and are mostly distributed in soil layers 5 to 40 cm deep below the surface. Therefore, the depth and breadth of fertilization should be adapted to this characteristic in order to obtain a good effect of fertilization. In addition, each element has different mobility in the soil and the depth of fertilization is also different. For example, N fertilizer has strong mobility in the soil and should be applied shallowly; K fertilizer has poor mobility and P fertilizer is worse. Generally, P and K fertilizers should be applied deeply, especially P fertilizer should be applied in the root distribution layer. Basal fertilizer should be applied as early as possible, and the fertilizer must be applied quickly. It should be applied slightly when the tree is in desperate need. There are many methods of fertilization in production. The following methods are commonly used: ring-shaped fertilization, radial fertilization, strip fertilization, whole garden fertilization, and irrigation fertilization. Different methods are used depending on the type of fertilization and purpose.

1 ring groove fertilization method: generally used for base fertilizer. Divide the ring groove at the vertical projection of the peripheral branch of the tree crown. The width of the groove is 30-40 cm. The depth of the groove is generally different according to the age of the tree: the depth of the groove is 30 cm (5 years old young tree) or 35-40 cm (6 years old or more trees). Along the crown projection, but not close to the cluster, so as not to damage the root. Then apply organic fertilizer, mix well with soil, and apply water after fertilization. The planted hazel orchards should be fertilized on both sides of the belt after becoming mature. The specific method is the same as the ring groove fertilization method. Green manure is mainly used for shrub cover. After the green manure rots, soil organic matter is increased. Or apply organic fertilizer under the thickets and then gently dig the surface of the soil to mix the fertilizer with the soil and then apply the water.

2 Radial furrow fertilization method: Take the hazel root neck as the center, radially outward from the inside to open the furrow, the method of furrowing is shallow (10~15cm) outside depth (20~30cm), narrow inside (10~15cm) Outside width (20~30cm), the fertilizer and soil are evenly mixed and backfilled in the trench. This method is conducive to less root damage and the fertilizer is widely distributed and uniform. Both basal fertiliser and top dressing can be used in this method.

3 Trench fertilization: On the opposite sides of the outer edge of the canopy projection, a 40 cm wide and 40 cm deep parallel groove is to be made. The length of the furrow varies with the age of the tree and the size of the canopy.第二年施肥挖沟的位置应换到另外两侧。此法用于幼树及密植园，适于施基肥。

④ 穴施：在树冠的外缘挖6～8个穴，穴的多少根据树冠大小而定，深宽各30~40cm，穴的分布要均匀。此法施基肥和追肥均可采用。

⑤ 撒施肥法：常用于追施化肥。一种方法是在榛树灌丛下面撒化肥，然后用锄头松土。使化肥与表土混合均匀。另一种方法是在灌丛周围开环状浅沟，撤入化肥，然后覆土、灌水，或在降雨前追肥。施化肥无论采用任何方法，应根据种类不同而异，一般施用N肥深度为l0~15cm，施用P、K肥深度为20~40cm，有机肥和化肥混合的复混肥，深度应为20~30cm。

⑥ 灌溉式施肥：此方法多与喷灌或滴灌相结合，供肥及时，肥料分布均匀，既不伤根系，又节省劳力，肥料利用率高，成本低。特别适宜树冠相接的成年树榛园或密植园。

(2) 根外追肥也称叶面喷肥。此法简单易行，用肥量小，发挥作用快，可及时满足树体急需，常于树体生长期采用此方法喷布大量元素和微量元素。如：花前、花后、幼果期及果实生长后期在叶面喷0.3％～0.5％尿素或磷酸二氢钾等化肥效果好。根外追肥最适宜温度为18℃~25℃，湿度大些效果好，夏季最好在l0点以前及16点以后，以免气温高，肥液易浓缩，影响吸收或易发生药害。

4.施肥种类、用量

(1) 施肥种类

① 基肥：施有机肥料，包括鸡粪、猪粪、羊粪和其他兽粪及有机物腐烂后形成的肥料。上述粪肥必须充分腐熟后才可施用，特别是鸡粪除充分腐熟外，还应将鸡粪和土以1：5的比例混拌才可施用，否则易烧幼苗根系。另外，有机、无机复混肥料，生物肥料可以用于基肥施用。

② 追肥：含有单一元素的N肥，如尿素、二胺及含有N、P、K的复合肥及复混肥料，均可用于榛树的追肥。

⑧ 根外追肥：肥料主要有N、P、K、Ca和微量元素，植物生长调节剂。

(2)施肥量要根据树龄、灌丛大小、土壤肥沃程度以及肥料的种类而定，瘠薄的沙土应多施有机肥，土层深厚、腐殖质含量高的土质可适量少施。

①一般施基肥量2～3年生树，每株施粪肥7～10kg，4～5年生树株施30～40kg，6～7年生每株施有机肥50~60kg，以后随树龄和产量的增加可适当多施。

② 施追肥用量：幼龄榛园（2～5年生）每亩需纯N4kg、纯P8kg、纯K8kg，其N、P、K的比例为0.5：1：1。盛果初期榛园（6～9年生）每亩施纯N8～llkg，施纯P16～22kg，施纯K16～22kg。盛果期（10年生以上）每亩施纯N10～14kg，施纯P20~28kg，施纯P20～28kg。施迫肥时，可根据肥料有效成分计算的施肥量（纯量）被肥料有效成分的百分比除，即可得到某种含量化肥的施用量。例如：施硫酸铵，其含N量为21％，幼龄榛园每亩需纯N4kg，那么每亩施硫酸铵量＝4kg21％＝19.05kg，如每亩地栽植74株，那么每株应施硫酸铵129g。根据试验，复合肥（含氮磷钾三元素）的全年施肥量如下：1年生树株施100g、2年生150g、3～4年施300～500g，5年生以上树施2kg。各种化肥有效成分含量详见表6-l。

表6-1 化学肥料有效成分含量

名称化学分子式有效成分含量性质

有效成分含量（%）

硫酸铵
(NH4)2SO4
N
twenty one
酸性

硝酸铵
NH4NO3
N
34
弱酸

碳酸氢铵
NH4HCO3
N
17.5
碱性

Urea
(NH2)4CO3
N
46
中性

氨水
NH4OH
N
17
碱性

Superphosphate
Ca(H2PO4)+2CaSO4
P2O5
17～21
酸性

钙镁磷肥—
P2O5
14～18
碱性

硫酸钾
K2SO4
K2O
52
酸性

氯化钾
KCl
KCl
50～60
碱性

③ 施有机肥与无机复混肥料（如：黑肥、生物肥料）：幼龄榛园（3～5年生）每株2～3kg；6～9年生，每株施6～7kg；10年生以上每株施8～10kg。

（三）灌水与排水

榛树是浅跟性树种，其根系主要分布在5～40cm以内的表土中，不耐干旱，适时灌水是促进树体发育和结实的重要保证。

1.灌水时期

新定植的苗木，必须及时灌水。用压条繁殖苗木定植的榛园，在生长前期要经常保持土壤湿润。

栽培园的灌水可结合施肥进行，一般在生长前期灌水两次，第一次于发芽，第二次于5月中下旬，即幼果膨大和新梢生长旺盛期，此时也是北方地区春旱季节，第二次灌水是保证当年产量的关键。6月中下旬以后自然降水增加一般不需要灌水。7月进入雨季后要注意排水，树盘内不能积水。落叶后到土壤封冻前，可再灌一次封冻水。

2.灌水方法与灌水量

主要采用树盘内灌水法，浸湿榛树下土壤。带状栽植的榛园，采用带状浸灌法。灌水浸湿土壤深度为40cm。灌水后要及时松土。防止土壤板结。

三、除萌

榛树易产生根蘖和萌蘖。根蘖是从根状径长出来的枝，萌蘖是从植株基部不定芽长出来的枝。这种特性有利于榛树无性繁殖。但是，结果榛树发生根蘖和萌蘖，使树体营养分散，不利于榛树的开花、结实，严重时使产量降低，也不利于幼树的生长发育，因此榛园除蘖是必不可少的管理措施之一。除蘖的方法有：

⑴手工除蘖，用剪枝剪剪除根蘖。全年剪除3次。第一次5月下旬到6月上旬进行，从基部剪除根蘖枝及萌蘖枝。第二次7月上中旬进行。第三次于8月下旬至9月上旬进行。手工除蘖用工多，增加了生产成本。

⑵化学药剂除蘖，用2，4-D杀死根蘖和萌蘖，使用浓度1%～1.5%，每年进行3～4次，比手工除蘖省工，效果好。喷洒时，喷头位置要低，不能把药喷到树的叶子上。

四、保花保果技术

（一）防止落花落果的措施

榛树有落花落果现象，直接影响产量。

1.落花落果原因

⑴主要是生理落果造成，据观察，榛树落花落果大约集中在3个时期：

第一个时期：未授粉受精的花在开花后，随着新梢的生长逐渐脱落。

第二个时期：是新梢旺盛生长坚果增大期，因营养不足引起落果。

第三个时期：是后期，因营养不足和虫害引起落果。

⑵ 榛树开花早，花期遇不利于传粉天气，造成授粉受精不良。

2.防止落花落果的措施

⑴ 加强榛园管理保证树体正常生长发育，增强树体内养分的积累，改善花芽发育状况，提高座果率。

⑵ 人工授粉

① 花粉采集与贮藏：榛子的雄花开放早于雌花，当雄花序伸长后但尚未散粉，将花序摘下，放入干净有阳光的室内，摊在纸上干燥，待花粉散出时收集于瓶中，置于冰箱等处保存备用。

② 授粉：当雌花柱头全部伸出时，进行人工点授。即将花粉用小毛笔蘸后，点在雌花柱头上，效果好。如果选择在晴朗天气，阳光充沛，其效果更佳。

⑶ 施肥在果实膨大期和种仁发育初期施1次复合肥。

（二）防止坚果空粒或瘪仁的措施

榛子坚果有时发生无果仁或瘪仁现象，这直接影响到坚果的质量和产量。

1.坚果空粒和瘪仁的原因

⑴ 因受精不良影响胎囊发育，不能形成种仁。

⑵ 在配子发育初期，由于营养不良和环境条件不利而影响早期发育，形成瘪仁。

2.防止坚果空粒和瘪仁的方法

⑴ 选择空粒率低的优良品种栽培。

⑵ 配置授粉树和人工授粉。

⑶ 加强栽培管理，使榛果在发育过程中有充足的营养。

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