Highlights of Intestinal Microbes and Body Health in 2016 Top10

Highlights of Intestinal Microbes and Body Health in 2016 Top10

January 03, 2017 Source: Bio Valley

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In recent years, many scientists have shifted their research focus to the study of intestinal microbes and body health, and many breakthrough studies have clarified the association between intestinal microbes and various diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and nerves. Degenerative diseases, etc.; 2016 is coming to an end, what are the heavyweight studies of intestinal microbes in the coming year? To this end, Xiao Bian took stock of 10 research reports on intestinal microbes and health in 2016.

[1]Science: Personal lifestyle may have a huge impact on intestinal flora

Doi:10.1126/science.aad3369

Anything we eat and drink will affect the flora of the body's intestines, and this will have a potential impact on the health of the body. Recently, a research report published in the international magazine Science , from Groningen Researchers at the University Medical Center conducted a large-scale study to reveal the effects of food and drugs on human intestinal bacterial diversity.

In the article, the researchers collected stool samples from more than 1,100 individuals in the LifeLines research program. LifeLines is a research program that monitors the health of 165,000 Dutch residents. The researchers then analyzed the bacteria and other bacteria in these stool samples. The DNA information of the organism, in addition to feces, the researchers also collected information about the participants' diet, drug use and health.

DNA analysis can help identify factors that affect the diversity of the gut microbiota in the body. Researcher Wijmenga said that diets can affect the intestinal flora, and people who regularly consume yogurt or skim milk have diverse bacteria in the gut. Sex is higher, and drinking coffee and wine also increases the diversity of the gut flora, while whole milk and high-calorie diets reduce the diversity of the flora. The researchers pointed out that we found that 60 dietary factors can affect the diversity of intestinal flora, and there is a good correlation between the diversity of intestinal flora and the health of the body, that is, the higher the diversity, the healthier the body.

[2] Cell: Intestinal microbes regulate the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease

Original source: New evidence suggests Parkinson's might start in the gut, not the brain

A recent study seems to have changed our long-standing belief in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease.

The study concluded that the disease of Parkinson's disease does not start in the brain, but is related to intestinal microbes. This view can explain why patients with Parkinson's disease will first have symptoms of constipation, and other complications will occur after more than a decade.

Parkinson's disease is often associated with tremors, stiff limbs, and inconvenient movements. The main reason is that the key neurons inside the brain are damaged.

Although there are some treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, there is no complete prevention or treatment effect, and the molecular mechanisms of the disease's occurrence and deterioration are still unclear.

[3] Nat Med: Use sterilized intestinal bacteria or hope to treat obesity and diabetes

Doi:10.1038/nm.4236

Recently, a research report published in the international journal Nature Medicine , researchers from the University of Leuven in Belgium found that the intestinal bacteria named Akkermansia may bring the intestinal tract of overweight mice and diabetic animals. Persistence benefits, even after pasteurization, will still provide powerful benefits for gut tissue. The study may provide hope for later researchers to develop new therapies for a range of diseases including diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease.

In the article, the researchers found that the treatment of obese mice found that special treatment based on the intestinal bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila may effectively block obesity and diabetes in mice. And when pasteurized (heated to 70 degrees Celsius), the bacteria can still block the progression of the disease in mice, which makes researchers think that it is incredible that even after pasteurization, the intestinal bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila can still maintain Activity not only reduces the progression of obesity and diabetes in mice, but also inhibits the onset and progression of the disease at the very beginning.

[4] Cell's new study describes the relationship between human intestinal flora and immune response

DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.020

A recent study by the Massachusetts General Hospital, the MIT Broad Institute, Harvard University, and two medical centers in the Netherlands on how to influence the difference in gut microbiota in healthy humans is published in international academics. Journal on Cell . There are two other studies published in the same period on how genes and the environment affect immune responses. These studies are part of the Human Functional Genomics Program (HFGP).

We all know that some people are more susceptible to infection than others; some people have autoimmune diseases, while others do not. Researchers hope to discover how genes, environmental factors, and how intestinal flora affects the immune system, how they affect people's susceptibility to disease and how they affect the immune system's response to different pathogens.

In this study of the relationship between gut flora and immune response, the researchers analyzed blood and fecal samples from 500 healthy participants, hoping to find individual differences in the immune response to the pathogen, differences in gut flora, and both. How do the factors affect each other? The immune cells from each participant were exposed to three bacterial stimuli - the symbiotic bacteria B. fragilis, a toxic substance produced by the common pathogens S. aureus and E. coli - and two Candida fungi. Their response is reflected by the production of cytokines. By studying the possible relationship between participants' immune responses and microbial populations, the researchers discovered a clear pattern of interactions between microbial populations and their functions and immune responses. Some of these interactions depend on specific pathogens, some rely on cytokines, and others rely on both.

[5] Science: Heavy! Intestinal pathogens rely on the body's immune response to thrive

Doi:10.1126/science.aag3042

Why do some food-borne bacteria make us sick? In a new study, researchers from the University of California at Davis and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center found that pathogens in the gut caused damage because they benefited from the damage to the intestinal lining that was originally caused by their repair. The immune system reacts. The results of the study were published in the September 16, 2016 issue of Science , entitled "Virulence factors enhance Citrobacter rodentium expansion through aerobic respiration."

Corresponding author, Andreas B, professor of medical microbiology and immunology at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine Umler said, “This finding is very important because it explains that some intestinal pathogens can manipulate mammalian cells to get the oxygen they need to inhale. It also develops strategies to target intestinal wall metabolism to stop harmful. Bacterial proliferation in the gut provides new insights in which the abuse of antibiotics can exacerbate the proliferation of harmful bacteria in the gut."

[6] Nature: reveals the mechanism of obesity caused by changes in intestinal flora

Doi:10.1038/nature18309

Ten trillion microbes inhabit our gut. Obesity is associated with changes in our intestinal bacteria, but the mechanism is unclear. In a new study, researchers from Yale University School of Medicine and the University of Copenhagen in Denmark identified how changes in the intestinal flora lead to obesity. The results of the study were published online June 8, 2016 in the journal Nature , entitled "Acetate mediates a microbiome–brain–β-cell axis to promote metabolic syndrome."

In an earlier study, Dr. Gerald I. Shulman, chief physician of Yale University School of Medicine, observed a short-chain fatty acid, acetic acid, that stimulates insulin secretion in rodents. In this new study, in order to learn more about the role of acetic acid, Shulman and his team conducted a series of experiments in obese model rodents.

The researchers compared acetic acid and other short-chain fatty acids and found higher levels of acetic acid in rodents that consumed high-fat foods. They also observed that perfusion of acetic acid also stimulates beta cells in the pancreas to secrete insulin, but it is still unclear how this is achieved.

[7]Science: Scientists found 69 factors that control the health of the gut flora

Doi:10.1126/science.aad3503

There is a very prosperous micro-ecosystem in the depths of our intestines. This is the gut microbiome (intestinal flora). The delicate balance of the gut flora is very important for maintaining the health of the body and the function of the digestive system; Now researchers from Belgium have screened a variety of products that are closely related to humans from chocolate to birth control pills, and identified 69 different factors that can affect the composition of the body's gut microbiome. Related research published in the international journal Science on.

Referring to the balance affecting the intestinal flora, the first thing we think of is the food that is ingested. In fact, the food that is not always ingested, sleep, habits and lifestyle have a huge impact on the balance of the intestinal flora; It is hoped that this study will provide new clues for a better understanding of the balance mechanism of the intestinal flora, and also help to reveal how the intestinal flora maintains health and the mechanisms against the body's disease.

[8]Science: Chinese scientists reveal that intestinal microbes do not infect the body's own mechanisms

DOI: 10.1126/science.aad9903

Scientists from the MRC Inflammation Research Center at the University of Edinburgh have revealed that the immune system prevents the bacteria in our gut from seeping into the bloodstream and causing systemic inflammation such as sepsis. And helped explain that despite the large number of bacteria naturally present in our gut, we do not suffer from more infections. Studies have found that it is possible to improve the treatment and prevention of life-threatening infections. Their papers are published in the journal Science .

The number of bacteria in our gut is 10 times the number of cells in our body. They are usually good for us, helping us digest food and fight infections from other types of pathogens. But if these bacteria leak from the intestines into the bloodstream, they can cause infections in other parts of the body and become fatal if left untreated. Their leakage is triggered by a malfunction of the immune system that causes a large number of inflammatory reactions. This can damage healthy tissue and can lead to multiple organ failure.

Scientists led by the MRC Inflammation Research Center at the University of Edinburgh have discovered a mechanism to help keep bacteria in the intestines.

[9] Cell: Heavy! An intestinal bacterium is expected to reverse the symptoms of autism

Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.001

In a new study, researchers from Baylor College of Medicine in the United States reported that the lack of a specific gut bacterial species led to a social deficit in mice. These lack of social skills are reminiscent of the symptoms of human autism spectrum disorder (ASD). By adding this bacterial species to the affected mouse gut, the researchers were able to reverse some of the social behavioral problems of these mice. The results of the study were published in the June 16, 2016 issue of Cell , titled "Microbial Reconstitution Reverses Maternal Diet-Induced Social and Synaptic Deficits in Offspring." Now, researchers are preparing to explore the effects of probiotics on neurodevelopmental disorders in future research.

“Other research groups are trying to use drugs or brain electrical stimulation to reverse some of the behavioral symptoms associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, but in this new study, we may have a new approach,” paper author, Baylor College of Medicine Dr. Mauro Costa-Mattioli, associate professor of neuroscience, said, "We still don't know if it works in the human body, but it is a very exciting way to influence the brain from the intestines."

[10] Cell: Breast milk promotes healthy growth of infants and toddlers with intestinal bacteria

Doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.024

Bacteria living in the intestine interact with food ingredients, affecting people's health and well-being. According to a new study, a team led by Dr. Jeffrey Gordon of the University of Washington's St. Louis School of Medicine found that a key component of breast milk promotes healthy growth of infants and young children, and how intestinal bacteria interact to promote this. process. The relevant research results were published online in the Cell Journal on February 18, 2016, and the title of the paper is "Sialylated Milk Oligosaccharides Promote Microbiota-Dependent Growth in Models of Infant Undernutrition".

Child malnutrition kills more than 3 million people each year and causes developmental delays, immune and cognitive developmental defects. In Malawi, Africa, almost half of children under the age of five are stunted due to malnutrition. In this study, the Gordon team worked with local researchers in Malawi to conduct a study that resulted in a small sample of breast milk from healthy infants or mothers with stunted infants. They found that sialylated sugars associated with brain development are more abundant in the breast milk of healthy infants than in the breast milk of stunted infants.

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