Iron is one of the most important trace elements in animal nutrition and is an essential element for the rapid development of piglets after birth and the maintenance of their metabolic and physiological effects. Due to the presence of the placental barrier and the mammary barrier in the sow's iron transport system, the iron deposit in the piglet was lower (29 mg/g without fat tissue) in the piglet and the iron content in the sow's milk was very low (1.33 mg/1). After birth, piglets receive less than 1 mg of iron per day through breast milk, and the iron requirement to maintain normal iron nutrition is 7 mg/day to 16 mg/day (Braude, 1978). In addition, the growth of newborn piglets is large, and the total amount of blood increases rapidly. In order to maintain the normal level of hemoglobin in the blood and the normal physiological and biochemical functions of iron, piglets must be supplemented with iron. Otherwise, piglets are prone to iron deficiency anemia. Piglet anemia is a major disease in the pig industry, and piglets are prone to appear on the 4th day after childbirth, resulting in white peony, slow weight gain, and high mortality (Huang Guoqing, 1998). The incidence rate is as high as 30% to 50%, and the mortality rate is 15%~ 20% (He Puqi, 1992). Therefore, in the intensive pig production, piglets must be supplemented with iron due to iron-deficiency anemia causing great losses. In the 1950s, it has been demonstrated that intramuscular injection of iron dextran is an effective measure to prevent anemia in piglets. Studies by Barbe et al. (1955) and Ullrey et al. (1959) showed that intramuscular injection of 100 mg of dextran iron on the second or third day after birth was sufficient to ensure that the piglets had normal haemoglobin levels during lactation. Later, it has been proved that oral administration of piglets or iron coating on sow's nipples is also an effective way to solve iron supplementation in piglets (Rydberg 1960, Kernkamp 1962). However, in actual production, the above iron supplementation method for piglets has the disadvantages of difficulty in administration, cumbersome operation, large amount of manpower consumption, high stress caused by piglets, high cost, poor absorption at the injection site, and impaired carcass quality after slaughter. The iron supplementation problem of piglets is a major problem that plagued the intensive pig farming industry. To find a way to overcome the shortcomings of the iron supplementation methods mentioned above, and the cost-effective iron supplementation method for piglets has always been a research hotspot in animal nutrition and pig industry. At present, key issues urgently need to be solved in pig production. In the late 1970s, the ALBION laboratories first synthesized protein complexes of iron with animal and plant proteins and iron as their raw materials, and began research and development of amino acid chelates. Some studies suggest that the bioavailability of amino acid chelated iron is high (Kuznetsov 1987, Spears 1992, Darneley 1996, Zhou Guilian, 2000). It has a small effect on other ingredients in the diet, is a green
Feed Additive, and is beneficial to environmental protection. Very promising iron additives. Some studies have shown that adding amino acid chelated iron to the diet of pregnant sows and nursing sows can increase iron stores in newborn piglets and effectively prevent anemia in piglets. Brady (1978) showed that adding ferritin not less than 3 000 mg/kg to pregnant sows (4 weeks before delivery) and lactating sows (3 weeks before lactation) can effectively prevent anemia in piglets, but At the addition level of 200 mg/kg or 500 mg/kg, no such results were observed. Gundel (1998) reported that chelated iron was added to the diets of pregnant sows and nursing sows, and piglets were fed with feeds containing chelated iron after birth. The results showed that the litter size and litter weight of the chelated sows were significantly increased, and the iron stores and hemoglobin contents in the piglets were also significantly higher than those in the control group (ferrous sulfate). Close (1998) pointed out that after adding 0.02% amino acid chelated iron to the diet of pregnant sows, iron content in placenta and fetus increased significantly, and mortality of piglets decreased. Domestic researchers also conducted research in this area. Ma Kangcai (1990) reported that sows consuming 4 g of methionine iron per head per day for two weeks before delivery could significantly increase red blood cell count and hemoglobin in neonatal piglets. Feng Zhanyi (1992), Xu Jianxiong (1993), and Huang Guoqing (1991) reported that the addition of iron methionine in the last month of gilt sows and 20 days after childbirth, and the addition of iron methionine to piglets supplementation can significantly improve the growth of piglets. Speed, enhance piglet resistance to disease. Xu Li (1994) studied the effect of iron glycinate on prevention of anemia in piglets. The results showed that pigs fed diets containing glycine iron (150mg/kg) 2 weeks before and 3 weeks postpartum did not supplement any iron after birth. It can gain the same weight gain and anti-anemia effect as intramuscular iron dextran. With regard to the reason that iron can be directly supplemented by amino acid chelates to piglets, Close (1998) believes that the absorption of amino acid chelated iron is carried out in a manner that easily penetrates the placenta and that piglets are born with high levels of iron in their blood. The increase in the concentration of immunoglobulins improves the vitality and health of the piglets and improves the production performance. Some people think that because of the high absorption rate of amino acid chelated iron in the digestive tract of the sow, more iron can be supplied to the developing fetus through the placenta. These fetuses are born with both hemoglobin and immunoglobulin in their blood. Higher, piglets are more robust at birth, and they can obtain more milk from the sow and grow faster (Yuan Senquan, 1999). But no matter what kind of view is just speculation, there is no scientific experiment to verify it. With the deepening of research on the reproductive physiology of sows, scientists found that in the 30th to 100th day of pregnancy in the sow amniotic fluid there is a protein containing iron uterus - uterine ferritin, and this protein in the 60d ~ 75d of the highest level of pregnancy. Ducsay et al. (1982) demonstrated that there is a temporary correlation between the deposition of iron in amniotic fluid and placental tissue and uterine ferritin. Utero-ferritin is produced by the maternal endometrium and plays a key role in the iron metabolism of sow pregnancy products (eg, fetuses, amniotic fluid). Buhi et al. (1982) showed that iron in amniotic fluid from amniotic fluid is the main source of synthetic hemoglobin in embryos. Based on the above research results, Ducsay et al. (1984) conducted a series of studies and found that during the second trimester of pregnancy (highest level of uterine ferritin production), dextran iron was injected intramuscularly to sows, and the hemoglobin content of newborn piglets increased significantly. The results of a study provide strong evidence for the above theory. However, some researchers believe that the absorption and utilization of amino acid chelated iron is not higher than that of ferrous sulfate (Galdi 1988, Ammerman 1996, Cao l996, Lewls 1995), and that sows are given orally or injected with any iron source. The storage of iron in the body or the increase of iron concentration in breast milk is not enough to avoid iron deficiency anemia in piglets (Pod 1981). Feeding high-level iron-containing diets to lactating sows can increase the hemoglobin content of suckling piglets, but this is not simply due to an increase in the concentration of iron in breast milk, but mainly due to iron in piglets fed into sow's milk. Li Defa (1995) summarized some research data and pointed out that there is currently no effective way to increase the efficiency of iron transfer from the mother's placenta or breast to piglets. In summary, the results of studies conducted by different researchers at home and abroad on the use of amino acid-chelated iron to directly supplement pig iron from sows are quite different. The main reasons for the analysis are the product quality, experimental design, and testing of amino acid chelated iron. Diets are different. It is because of inconsistent research results that researchers and pig producers have different opinions on the effect of amino acid chelated iron as an iron supplement for piglets. Because of this, amino acid chelated iron has not been truly scaled up as an iron supplement for piglets as an alternative to intramuscular iron supplementation. Using iron amino acids to chelate iron from sows directly to piglets, eliminating the pig's intramuscular injection of iron supplements, which is undoubtedly a convenient and quick way to avoid piglet stress, but also conducive to environmental protection, and promote the sustainable development of the pig industry Piglet iron supplementation. The author believes that it is necessary to strengthen the research on the mechanism of iron supplementation by amino acid chelated iron directly from sows to piglets, and to provide a reliable theoretical basis for its application in practical production.
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