Select flowers, flowers or woody flowers with beautiful, colorful, hard and long peduncles, or branches and fruits of ornamental value, together with longer pedicels or petioles and fruit branches, cut them off as bottle inserts, pot inserts, etc. Interior arrangements, or the production of flowers for flower baskets, bouquets, wreaths, etc., collectively known as cut flowers. It is a type of flower widely used at home and abroad and occupies an important position in flower cultivation. Therefore, the selection, cultivation, cutting, preservation, transportation and use of cut flowers are all very important in the production of garden flowers and the application of decorative materials.
One, the commonly used cut flowers can be used for cutting many types of flowers, its flowers, leaves, fruit, bright colors, ornamental value, or have aroma, pedicel, branches and leaves hard, cut after the water can be cultivated species, can be used as Cut flowers. The types suitable for cutting flowers are as follows:
(a) Observing flowers
1. Woody categories: peony, plum blossom, wax plum, magnolia, wood pen, two Qiao Magnolia, apricot, plum, peach, peach, peach, peach, jellyfish, jellyfish, woody, rose, clove and gardenia.
2.Grass and flowers: cockscomb, amaranth, colorful carnation, delphinium, violet, sweet pea, phlox, snapdragon, aster, cornflower, cosmos, strawflower, marigold and zinnia Wait.
3. Aquatic and perennial roots: lotus, water lily, peony, gerbera, carnation, pheromone, campanulaceae, chrysanthemum, mosaic, grass, jade, torch flower, and Strelitzia.
4. Bulbous species: lily of the valley, iron cannon lily, ranunculus, dahlia, gladiolus, tuberose, calla lilies, hyacinth, tulip, xiaocanglan, lycopene, daffodils, and ball iris.
(b) of the foliage, fern, silver edge Tsui, colorful leaf grass, mosaic evergreen, Guangdong evergreen, Ishiguro Cyperus, asparagus, Asparagus, cycads and so on.
(III) Observing fruits
1. Woody: Thistle, hawthorn, jellyfish, citrus, southern bamboo, purple beads, firethorn and coral trees.
2. Herbs: five-color pepper, sour cream and gourd and so on. Carnation, gerberas, gladiolus, tuberose, lily, iris, asparagus, calla, tulip, hyacinth, xiaocanglan, chrysanthemum, plum blossom, waxy plum, southern bamboo are well-known cutting materials.
Second, cutting and storage of cut flowers
(1) Cutting of cut flowers The cutting of cut flowers is not only based on the type of flowers selected, but also on the timing of cutting and the selection of parts.
1. Cutting time: In order to obtain the best viewing effect of cut flowers, it is very important to choose a good cutting time. The cutting time is too early. When used, the flowers do not open well; the cuts are too late and the flowers are open. In order to shorten the viewing period and reduce the viewing effect. Choosing the right timing principle is to ensure that the flowers are just opened when the cut flowers are used, and that the unopened buds can continue to open for the longest viewing period and enhance the ornamental effect of cut flowers. According to this principle, in general, it is appropriate to cut the flowers when they are first or semi-open. For example, Gladiolus is best cut when the first flower under the inflorescence is just open. Carnation is best when it is ready to be put. Cut it. The timing of cutting also considers the distance between the cutting time and the time spent. If used immediately after harvesting, the flowers that are being opened must be cut. If the cutting time is longer than the time of use, cut flowers that are half-open or about to open will be cut. Cutting timing also considers the need to cut flower use, such as for large celebrations for blue flowers, decoration of venues, or for wreaths, short time, we must cut open flowers; some used for bottle insertion, requirements For longer viewing time, cut open or near-open flowers. Especially the cutting of spikes, as long as the bottom one or two flowers have been opened can be cut, because the flower branches in the water will open from bottom to top, you can extend the viewing period, increase the viewing effect.
Within a day, it is also important when cutting. Cut flowers that are not normally stored or transported, but are used on the same day or the next day, should be cut in the morning or early evening and cut into water. At this time, cut flowers have sufficient water cut, stems and leaves are straight, flowers are bright, and the cut flowers have the best ornamental effect. If you do not need to use them immediately for storage and long-distance transportation, they should be taken after 10 a.m. or at noon when the plants and flowers are wilting. At this time, the stems, leaves and flowers contain less moisture, which is convenient for packaging and transportation, and it is not easy to damage cut flowers.
2. Cut-out site: The selection of cut-flower cut-out site should adhere to the following principles: it is necessary to consider and meet the needs of cut flower use, but also to consider and ensure normal plant growth. If cut flowers are inserted side by side, the length of the stems or branches required will be longer, and some will require the use of a few leaves. Some flowers, with short stems or branches, will suffice. Therefore, the different uses of cut flowers are an important condition for deciding which site to cut. However, while determining the cutting site of the cut flower, it is also necessary to take into account another problem, that is, the growth and development of the flower plant is not affected too much. This mainly refers to bulbous flowers, perennial flowers, and woody flowers, because the plants of these flowers also need to continue to grow, preserve the mother or harvest the bulbs. As for the one-and-two-year-old herbaceous flowers used for cutting flowers, or the flowers that need to be renewed, this need not be taken into consideration, as long as it meets the needs of cutting flower use.
In short, the appropriate cutting site can make the cut flower play a good viewing effect, without affecting or even conducive to the continued growth of the plant. This is a problem that must be paid attention to in the cut flower cut.
(II) Transport and storage of cut flowers Cut flowers are cut from the time they are used until they are used. There is a certain distance between them. Therefore, transport and storage are important conditions for guaranteeing the quality of cut flowers and thus exerting the best ornamental effect.
After the cut flowers are cut, they should be placed on the matted shade floor, and be packed and counted, and ready for transport. For cut flowers that are used today and do not have to be transported long distances, soak their stem cuts in clear water for later use. The cut flowers that need to be transported outside are packaged as required and transported to land as soon as possible. Whether after the cut or in transit, be sure to prevent sun exposure and dry wind blows. After reaching the destination, remove the cut flowers and insert them into the water immediately. For the beginning of wilting cut flowers, do not immediately put into the water, should be spread on a matted shaded ground, immediately irrigation, after 2 to 3 hours, until the cut flowers and leaves after stretching into the water to maintain. The water should be changed frequently, especially in the summer. Change the water in time to prevent rot of the stems or branches. Keep the interior cool and the air fresh, but avoid the wind blow. Need to cut the long hidden flowers, flowers can be bundled into small bundles, and its base is wrapped with moss and other moisturizers, placed on the bottom of a wet wood, moss, wet cloth and other thermal insulation in the wooden box. Then store it in a dark room or in a cold room. The temperature of the cold room should generally be maintained at about 5°C and must not be lower than zero degrees. This generally cut flowers can be stored for one week to two weeks. This is one of the effective measures to ensure that the festival spends a lot of flowers. For example, gladiolus flowering in the middle or late September, after being cut and frozen, can be used before and after “11â€. The peony medicine can be cut from May. If it is cultivated in the greenhouse, it can be cut in advance for use in the New Year.
Third, the application of cut flowers From the application of the form of view, cut flowers can be used for flower arrangements (pot insertion or bottle insertion), flower baskets, garlands, wreaths, bouquets, flowers, table decorations and wall decorations and so on. Flower arrangement is a unique flower art. It has a long history both in China and in some countries in Japan, Europe and the United States, thus forming different unique styles. Flower arrangement is an exquisite ornament. It requires higher art design and maintenance techniques. Because the choice of flowers, the form of the container, the design of the posture, the coordination with the surrounding environment, and the measures for how to prolong life and keep fresh have an important role in improving the ornamental effect of the flower arrangement. Floral arrangements are easy to produce, flexible, lively and full of skill. However, because of its small size, it is not easy to last, and it is only suitable for short-term decoration. Therefore, the flower arrangement is "winning with quality." Do not put too much in the same room, otherwise it will reduce the viewing effect.
(1) Flowering containers and utensils In addition to vases, commonly used flower arrangement containers include pots, porcelain bowls, glass bottles, bamboo tubes, jars, cups, saucers, leeches, etc., which can hold a certain amount of water to satisfy the cut flowers. Needed, and can be straight and smooth containers can be used. In order to make the water last for a long time, the opening of the container should not be too small, so as to ensure that the air can still circulate smoothly after the flower is inserted, so as to avoid the sweltering deterioration of the water. In the commonly used ceramics, glass, metal, plastic, bamboo, wooden containers, ceramics, glass products are the best. It is beautiful, clean, and water is not deteriorating. The color and shape of the container are elegant and generous. Cut and arrange the flowers as closely as possible. Do not use containers that are too complex or too colorful in order to avoid losing sight of the audience and affecting the ornamental effect of the flower arrangement.
The flower arrangement uses knives, scissors, flower seats (flower inserts), fine metal mesh and soft glue, and flower inserts. The flower seat, also known as the flower plug, is designed to support flowering branches. The flower seats vary from container to container. The metal pans are used for shallow pans. They are made of a tin and a lot of copper needles are erected on the tin. When used, the flower buds are inserted and the bottom is inserted into the copper needles. Metal net flower seats are made of metal nets with semi-spherical cover and the lower part is fixed on the metal block. There are also made of ceramic glass blocks, which have many holes for flower arrangement, and shallow plate flowers can also be used for flower arrangement. The squid is inserted directly into the flowering mud. This applies to short twigs. Higher containers often do not need flower seats, but in order to make the flower branches in accordance with the required posture, can be placed in the mouth of the metal wire or twigs and so on. Trumpet vase commonly used gear-like flower seat. If the longer flowering branch is placed in the shallow dish, the soft flower can be used to stick the flower seat to the bottom of the dish to prevent it from falling over. The size of the container to be used depends on the length and size of the flowering branch and the shape of the flowering branch. Larger woody cut flowers, larger flowering branches, large bottles, short grassy stems and flowers are suitable for use in vials; the containers used must be coordinated with the surrounding environment, such as large bottles in large conference halls, and in the study room. In the dormitories, it is also appropriate to use vials. Huazhi Fudian can not stand upright, suitable for inserting in flower beds and flat containers. However, it is better to insert the flask into the flask. The purpose is to make sure that the size and posture of the upper part of the cut flower are commensurate with the size of the container.
(b) The length of time spent on flower culture technology and maintenance of various flowers and water conservation, on the one hand, is related to the habit of flower arrangement itself, and on the other is related to the technology of flower arrangement management. From the point of view of the nature of the flowers, under different conditions, the maintenance time of different flowers and water conservation is not the same. Such as phlox, beauty, canna, etc., water conservation only about two days; Gladiolus, tuberose, lilies, etc., can be maintained for a week; chrysanthemums, orchids, etc., can maintain about three weeks.
At the same time, the length of time spent on flower culture and water conservation is directly affected by the level of management technology and conservation. If the cut flowers are placed at high temperature or at the tuyere, the stems and leaves will be wilted prematurely due to water loss. If the neck of the container used is too small, poor ventilation or some of the leaves in the water will not be cut off, which will cause the leaves to rot. Or change the water for a long time, it will also cause deterioration of the water and cause the flower arrangement to wilt or rot in advance. Also often caused by the formation of bubbles when the air into the stem tube, or because the plant sap overflow blocking the incision so that the water can not be normally absorbed, resulting in difficulty in water absorption stems and flowers wilting early wilting. In short, the key to prolonging the flowering time is to master the management techniques of flower arrangements and do a good job of conservation. To extend the flowering period of flower arrangements, the following four measures can be taken:
1. Water cut method: There are two kinds of water cut method: First, the flower branches are bent in the water and then cut off from the mother; one is to immerse the cut flower base base in water and cut it again. The purpose of this method is to avoid the direct contact of the incision with air, so as to avoid air intake into the catheter causing difficulty in absorbing water and ensuring a normal supply of moisture to extend the flowering period. This method can be used in addition to more milk or pulp flowers. During the conservation process, the base of the pedicel should be cut a short period every few days to keep the incision fresh, enhance the ability to absorb water, and receive good results.
2. Scalding and burning method: cut flowers cut or squid basal immersed in boiling water for tens of seconds after cutting or slicing, or use the fire to make the stem coke, can prevent the stem tissue within the juice overflow caused by the night block, this can Prevent water deterioration, but also can promote flower stems, thereby prolonging flowering. This method applies to more milk and more pulp flowers, such as poinsettia. In both methods, the fire is applied to woody flowers, and the hot water is applied to herbal flowers. However, do not burn, hot the upper leaves and flowers when handling.
3. Expand the incision: cut the base of the stem obliquely or incise the incision longitudinally 2 to 4 centimeters, and embed the stone to open the gap, expand the incision to increase the area of ​​water absorption. This approach. The same effect can be achieved by extending the flowering period. The oblique cut method is most commonly used. The incisions are only suitable for cut flowers of woody flowers.
4. Pharmaceutical treatment: Flowers treated with chemicals can be sterilized and preserved, promote water absorption and increase nutrients, inhibit excessive transpiration of water in leaves, and prevent petals from falling off and falling off. The treatment method is to smear the incision with medicine, or dip the incision with the medicine solution, or use the medicine to make up the water. Including peppermint oil, camphor, dilute carbonic acid, and auxin, etc. Sulfur, boric acid, potassium permanganate, lithospermic acid, salt, sugar, salicylic acid, vitamins, and growth hormones can also be used as a nutrient solution. If the squid base is immersed in the liquid for a few minutes and then watered, the desired effect can be obtained. Adding a small amount of acetic acid or salt solution to the flowering liquid can extend the flowering period. In addition, the use of charcoal in aquaculture can be preserved. In the summer season, attention should be paid to spraying water or lowering the temperature of the flowering water. This has the effect of extending flowering time for dahlias. For those flowers with less stamens, large anthers, and wilting after fertilization, such as lilies and Hippeastrum, timely emasculation can also extend the flowering period.
(3) Form of Flower Arrangement Due to the long history of flower arrangement art in China, it has traditional artistic techniques and has formed a unique national style. Therefore, the form of flower arrangement is also varied. There are three main types:
1. Ordinary type: refers to the flower arrangement made with vases, also called bottle inserts. Ordinary flower arrangements are widely used in flower selection, focusing on color composition and proper combination of gestures. Bottle flowers are required to show brilliant colors and beautiful lines. Some of them are used for appreciation on the one hand, others for appreciation on the other, some on the coffee table table, and tall vases for landing to make large flower arrangements.
2. Bonsai type: This type of flower arrangement is generally placed in a large and shallow container, often used to make shallow basins of landscape bonsai. The requirement of layout is to choose the novelty of the branches and leaves or the flowers of the first year and second year, and set up the flower seats, cover the rocks, and then decorate the moss grass for the natural scenery. There is no restriction on the selection of materials and emphasis is placed on the creation of artistic conception. Bonsai flower arrangement is generally only for one side to enjoy, the line of sight is suitable for higher. Therefore, it is often placed on lower windows and windows, and it can achieve better results under the concise background and quiet environment.
3. Neat: This type of arrangement of commonly used bowl or bowl container, the requirement is that the flower arrangement has a neat appearance, such as a spherical, hemispherical or umbrella-shaped, radial or symmetrical combination. The color can be monochrome or complex color, but the selection requires uniform shape, medium flowers, good shape, showing a dignified style. It is usually placed in the center of the conference table. The banquet or the center of the table or the offering is suitable for this type of flower arrangement.
(4) Composition Art of Flower Arrangement Regardless of the form of flower arrangement, people can enjoy the beauty. In addition to the vivid colors and unique posture of the flowers, the main reason is that the composition conforms to the artistic principles. If the arrangement of flowers is reasonably arranged according to the composition arts, the shades of the colors, the size of the forms, and the arrangement of the flowers and utensils are all coordinated, and the balance and rhythm of the arts will enable the flower arrangement to exert the artistic function that the flowers cannot exert. Will greatly improve the viewing effect of flower arrangement. Visible floral composition is very necessary. The artistic composition of flower arrangements requires the following:
1. Harmony: The so-called harmonization refers to the fact that the flower arrangement itself not only requires that the colors of the flowers be harmonized, but also that the size and shape of the various flower arrangements be coordinated; the environment of the flower arrangement and the surrounding environment requires that the color of the flower arrangement and the color of the container be reconciled. Make the flower arrangement harmonize with the surrounding atmosphere.
Only use the same flower, from the color of the flower itself, the treatment is simple and easy to harmonize, but it will appear monotonous and dull. The use of different varieties of flowers, in fact, only emphasizes the difference in color, it will often appear too complicated, it is usually not only the choice of a flower arrangement flower, but using two or three flowers together. In this case, however, it is important to use a flower as the main element and to use other kinds of flowers as a foil. This will not only be the number of flowers but also the use of color. This type of flower arrangement with a combination of primary and secondary effects is better, such as Chimonanthus chinensis and Nantianzhu, red Chinese rose and star-like gorgonians, carnation and asparagus, indigo blue and yellow freesia, milky white The calla lily with reddish tulips, white-green silver rims and fiery pansy, etc., all of which are good examples of matching the color and shape of flowers. However, there are also excellent examples of single species and single color flower arrangement effects. For example, single red Chinese rose flower arrangement can be very dignified, generous, and extremely attractive. The size and color of the flower arrangement must be harmonized with the size and color of the container, otherwise it will also damage the ornamental effect of the flower arrangement. Examples of good reconciliations between the flower arrangement and the container are: plain, slender porcelain vases with light, pale plumes of asters, glazed, rough ceramic pots with ball-shaped dahlias, and blue bracts with dwarf pink ones. Daisy, polished glass flask inserted gerbera and asparagus, and its branches around the bottle. All these can receive good results in the coordination of the flower arrangement and the container.
The problem of reconciling flower arrangements with the surrounding environment is also a matter of serious concern. Because the flower arrangement can be reconciled with the color and atmosphere of the environment, even the height of the arrangement of the flower arrangement and the light and darkness of the room light directly influence the effect of the flower arrangement. In a room with bright white walls and light yellow furniture or in a very bright room, place a brighter flower arrangement for more harmony. On the other hand, placing light-colored, crisp floral arrangements in rooms with dark red furniture or darker lighting is better. In a grand celebration or “new houseâ€, bright red bouquets or flower arrangements will increase the festive atmosphere. Similarly, in some quiet or serious atmosphere, cold flowers are often required.
2. Balance: Symmetry is the simplest balance. In addition, there is an asymmetrical dynamic equilibrium. Symmetrical equilibrium is only used in "integer" floral arrangements. It requires symmetry for the entire flower arrangement, from top to bottom, from left to right, from front to back, back to back, in number, and in color. However, most flower arrangements adopt dynamic equilibrium. It is not as strictly symmetric as the symmetric equilibrium, but the center of gravity of the entire composition is placed in the middle and lower parts, giving people a sense of stability. The main factors affecting the balance are "light" and "heavy." Deep and thick color, large body, large quantity, giving people a sense of "heavy"; and light-colored, elegant, delicate, small, small amount, giving a "light" feeling. The so-called equilibrium mainly deals with the relationship between "light" and "heavy." In the process of flower arrangement, flowers that generally make people feel "heavy", that is, flowers that are tall, heavy, and full of color, are inserted in the middle and lower parts to make them play a major role, which can give people a feeling of stability. Flowers that give people a "light" feeling are interspersed around them as a foil, thus achieving the requirements of "balanced" and "stable." For example, calla lilies are mainly accompanied by carnations, and carnations are mainly served with bamboo. Red roses are mainly served with a combination of Chinese cattails, giving people a sense of “balanced†and “stableâ€, thus enhancing the appreciation of flower arrangements. effect.
3. Rhythm: A good flower arrangement requires not only harmony and balance, but also a variety of changes, so that the flower arrangement has an internal rhythm change called rhythm. In addition to having a major composition center in the two individual volumes, it is also possible to appropriately arrange several center points to increase the rhythm of the screen. Different types of flowers or different varieties of the same species can be used to increase the rhythm of the picture, including differences in color, pattern, flower size, and opening degree, as well as changes in the straightness and horizontality of the branches. Of course, these changes must meet the requirements of objective laws and artistic composition in order to produce a sense of reality and achieve the desired results. For example, the arrangement of plum and apricot flowers may be characterized by its vigorous twisting. Inserting it horizontally or diagonally into an ancient ceramic bottle is unique in appearance, while the iris and narcissus are beautiful and graceful. A characteristic, it is more poetic to insert it upright in shallow basins.
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