1. What are the contents of canola production mechanization technology? Rape production mechanization technology includes mechanical soil preparation, mechanical sowing, mechanical trenching, mechanical seedling transplanting, mechanical plant protection, mechanical harvesting, straw return, mechanical threshing, and mechanical processing. The core contents are mechanized sowing, mechanized transplanting and harvesting. . At present, there are relatively mature technologies in mechanical soil preparation, mechanical sowing, mechanical seedling nursery, mechanical plant protection, straw return, mechanical threshing, and mechanical processing. However, mechanical transplanting and mechanical harvesting are still at an experimental stage of development. . 2. What is the status quo of the development of canola planting mechanization technology at home and abroad? Countries such as the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Japan have achieved certain achievements in the development of rapeseed automatic planting machines. In the 1960s, France developed the “Picardol†automatic planter for planting seedlings. Japan developed the TPA-1 automatic planting machine in the 1970s, which greatly improved work efficiency and reduced labor intensity. China began to develop the planting machine in the 1960s. It was mainly used to transplant crops such as corn and cotton in the early stage, and later it was developed to transplant rapeseed. Rapeseed harvesting uses dedicated rapeseed harvesters in France, Italy and other countries to harvest, thresh, and primaries in one go. The main products are Haige -160, New Holland and so on. In 2000, China imported the Heiger-160 type combine harvester from Germany's Hager Company and had a field experiment in the suburbs of Shanghai to harvest oil, wheat and other crops. Based on digestion and absorption, a rape combine harvester suitable for use in rural areas has been developed. Rapeseed drying is an effective way to ensure high yield of rapeseed and improve processing quality of rapeseed. Dry machinery research in foreign countries started in the 1940s. In the 1970s and 1980s, it developed to high-efficiency, high-quality, energy-saving, low-cost, and computer control, and continuously developed new processes and new models. After World War II, Japan mainly developed small and medium-sized equipment suitable for rice drying. The heat source used was diesel or kerosene, and a small amount of rice husk was used as fuel. In the 1970s, China entered the R&D stage for small and medium-sized dryers. After the 1980s, it developed toward multi-functional and small-scale development. Since 1996, it has introduced Taiwan and Japan's wholly-owned professional dryer manufacturers in Shanghai and Wuxi, Jiangsu Province. The dryers produced have the characteristics of reliable performance, high degree of automation, and are widely used. 3. What are the major gaps in the use of rapeseed production in China? 1) The water content is relatively high, most of China's commercial rapeseed is dried under natural conditions; 2) there is a certain gap in the external quality such as clarity and uniformity; 3) The production cost is high. The specific performance lies in the high labor cost: in addition to cultivating and plant protection, the other processes in China are basically manual operations, and nearly 150,000 yuan of rapeseed is used for only labor costs. It accounts for 60-70% of production costs; it also shows that there are more investment in production materials, and it does not use fertilizer efficient utilization technology (fertilizer mechanical positioning facility technology, mixed fertilizer, special fertilizer) and early diagnosis and comprehensive control technology of major diseases. This not only increases the amount of fertilizers and pesticides, but also aggravates environmental pollution; 4) The processing companies have weak driving forces. The primary processing of rapeseed in China can reach nearly 30 million tons (including small-sized presses). It is dominated by small state-owned enterprises and small rural oil houses. Most state-owned enterprises have an annual processing capacity of 100,000 tons or less. The surplus of pure profit is small and the equipment is old. High consumption and backward technology make it difficult to drive the diversified development and utilization of double-low rapeseed. In particular, rapeseed oil in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River is mostly steamed with pre-squeezing and leaching. Some of the nutrients in the oil are destroyed, and the value of the cake is reduced. 4. What is the route for mechanized cultivation of rapeseed? The mechanized planting process of rapeseed is: seedbed-cultivation-cultivation-field-cultivation-planting-ditching-planting-transplantation-live-drainage-plant protection-fertilizer deep planting field management, stage harvesting, joint Harvest - straw return field - farmland transport - drying storage - storage processing, processing and so on. 5, which several types of rapeseed sowing machine models? Mechanical sowing can use Shanghai 23OU-type rapeseed direct seeder, shallow rotary tiller with small external groove wheel type seeder, and general seeder and other machinery to complete the operation. The rapeseed direct seeder and the shallow rotary tiller plant produced in Shanghai have the functions of a variety of operations such as shallow extermination, ditching, seeding, and fertilization. Can be sown directly on the uncultivated land. 6. What do you need to pay attention to mechanized sowing rapeseed? When rapeseed sowing rapeseed, the amount of seedlings needs to be adjusted to the minimum. The seeds need to be proportioned to 1:1O-2O according to the local variety to crush the soil, sand or ripe seeds to control the sowing amount. Special emphasis should be given to: when mechanical sowing, good varieties with strong consistency during ripening and poor detachability should be used, and the direct broadcast technology of rapeseed should be promoted. Fertilizer used as far as possible should adopt granular fertilizer with poor water absorption to prevent the agglomeration of chemical fertilizers in the fat box. The south should pay special attention to the two aspects of chemical weeding and mechanical trenching to prevent weeding and picking. Seedlings transplanted and transplanted must be selected, it is best to be coated, when the picking mechanism takes nutrients, the nutrient soil must be prepared as required, and the proportion of the preparation and nutrient soil temperature is the same as that of cotton. During the operation, the soil should be added after starting the machine. During the working process, the processing should be continuous and uniform, and the amount of soil in the soil bucket should not be less than 1/3. 7. What are the agronomic requirements for mechanized cultivation and trenching? Rapeseed fields are about 20cm deep, with the same depth and depth, good turning, good coverage of residual plants, no ploughing, and recultivation. Land preparation requires smooth and loose ground, no weeds on the surface, good cocoon properties, virtual reality, and tight base fertilizer coverage. Open the ditch to achieve Xianggou, Yaogou, Weigou supporting. High-lying, well-drained general compartment width of about 300CM, ditch depth 20-25CM; low-lying, high groundwater level, poor drainage, general compartment width 250-300CM, trench depth 33CM, trench width 20-30CM, require trench Straight, the length of the bottom of the trench is slightly lower than the slope, and the girth and gutter are 3–5 cm deeper than the gutter, facilitating drainage. 8. How to match rapeseed production tilling and trenching machine? The tractor is equipped with a hoe, traction hoe or drive rake for cultivating. Commonly-used tractors mainly include Shanghai-50, Shanghai-504, and Tianjin 60, 604 tractors; Luoyang Dongfenghong-70 and Dongfanghong-75 chain-track tractors; Hubei Shenniu-25, and Shandong Taishan-25. Wuhan produces workers and peasants - 12 small tractors. These models are mature products, as a host, can be used more than one machine, configuration traction tillage equipment. High efficiency, good quality, simple structure and easy maintenance. It is also possible to use a combination of wet and dry professional tiller operations, tractor-equipped rotary cultivators for rotary tillage and tractor configuration trenchers for trenching operations. 9. What are the common types of machine structure and performance of rape cultivation and trenching equipment? 1) 1LF-427 type four-plow plough, performance: Number of turns 4 Plow depth 18-22 (CM) Tillage width 80-100 (CM), supporting power 29.4-36.7 (KW) Productivity 4.5-5.5 (mu/H), Weight 193(KG) Dimensions: 234512901383(MM); Structure: Mainly consists of hanger, plough, and plough. 2) LX-4-25 type four-row plow, performance: number of turns 4 tillage depth 18-25 (CM) tillage width 100 (CM) productivity 7 (mu/H), supporting power 36.7 (KW) weight 180 (KG) Dimensions: 227512551340 (MM), Structure: Mainly consists of a hanger, a plough, and a plough. 3) Jingjiang 1LBPA-4.5 type tillage tillage machine, performance: tillage width 20-24 (CM) supporting power 175F-1 external dimensions 312020001220 (MM), productivity tillage 1-1.5 (mu/H), 耙4-6 (Mu/H) Weight 225 (KG), Structure: It mainly consists of tail wheel, dry field plough assembly, support wheel, tail wheel support elbow, tail wheel support bar. 4) 1GX-150 rotary cultivator, performance: cultivating width 150 (CM) cultivating depth 16-18 (CM) spindle speed 195-275 (R/MIN), supporting power 18.4-25.7 (KW) productivity 3.5-4.5 (Mu/H), Structure: It is mainly composed of a hanger, a gear box, a sprocket box and a rotary knife assembly. 5) XJ type chisel type ditching plough, performance: groove edge extrusion molding, groove shape without loose soil, ditch slope does not collapse does not collapse, when the ditch is crushed after the ditch, throwing evenly, smooth, without manual trimming, Deep groove, narrow opening, can increase 5-8% of the planting area, to increase production purposes, plow body compact, lightweight, easy to turn around and transfer, especially suitable for field operations, saving time and labor efficiency. Structure: It is mainly composed of a hanger, a gear box, a transmission shaft, a rotary knife assembly and a forming device. 10. What device is used for mechanized nursery transplanting of rapeseed? The mechanized nursery transplanting of rapeseed generally adopts the nursery device, seeds are sowed in the nutrient bowl, and the seedlings are intensively cultivated under certain conditions, and then the cultivated seedlings are used for the agronomic requirements of the transplanting machine or the special transplanting machinery required by the tractor. Transplanted to Daejeon. 11. What are the agronomic requirements for the mechanization of transplanting rape seedlings? According to different varieties and farming systems, planting rapeseed and compacting with soil according to certain plant spacing and row spacing do not produce rooting or injury. 12. What models are there for transplanting rape seedlings? Currently classified by degree of automation, there are three main types: First, manual planters. Simple structure, low efficiency, suitable for small-scale operations; second, semi-automatic planter. Manually separate single seedlings are fed to the planter, and then the equipment is used to complete the process of trenching, planting seedlings, supporting seedlings, and covering soil. The artificial feeding rate is generally around 60 plants/minute. The planting machine developed and promoted in China is basically semi-automatic; the third is a fully automatic planting machine. A group of seedlings is fed mechanically and artificially, and seedlings and planting procedures are completed by the implements. At the beginning of the 90's in China, attempts were made to electronically control, pneumatic or mechanical fully automated planting machines. Some products were also patented, but due to complex structures, poor reliability, high prices, lack of supporting nursery systems, etc. Can meet practical requirements. According to the type of planter, there are mainly five types: clamp type, flexible disc type, basket type, belt type, and seedling tube type. 13. What are the agronomic requirements for mechanization of rapeseed direct seeding? Live broadcast methods are usually drilled and on-demand two kinds of rapeseed seeds under the uniform, no obvious broken bar, the same row spacing, straight line as far as possible, sowing depth 2-3cm, sowing volume 0.4-0.6kg/mu, row spacing 35-40cm. How to match rapeseed direct broadcast machine? 1) Double rape planter. Deep fertilization drill, wide and narrow row sowing or shallow ploughing, ditching, fertilization, drilling and other various operations once completed. 2BTQ-6 universal seeder, 2BF-7 layered fertilizer seeder and Shanghai-230U rapeseed direct seeder were selected. 2) Single rapeseed direct broadcaster. Net rapeseed seeds are sown directly. Selecting the Super Star seed seeder. 15. What are the structure and performance of common models of rapeseed live? 1) Chaoxing brand seeds and direct seeder, performance: This machine is light weight, no power, one person can operate. Stable performance, easy operation, high work efficiency, adjustable density, strong adaptability. The seed crushing rate is below 1%, which facilitates the mechanical harvesting of rapeseed. Structure: It mainly consists of five parts: metering device, seed tube, stent, human wheel and ratchet drive. 16. What are the technical points of Daejeon’s live broadcast of rapeseed? 1) Daejeon’s live broadcasting requires that the plots be ploughed and leveled and loosely crushed. Three days before sowing, the herbicides should be sprayed and the base fertilizer should be applied. 2) Adjustment of sowing volume: Before the sowing, the adjustment of row uniformity and row spacing should be performed first, and then proceed. Broadcast adjustments. In order to facilitate the adjustment, the double rapeseed planter can achieve the agronomic requirements of the sowing amount (0.4-0.6kg/mu) through certain auxiliary measures. Method one: When adjusting, first adjust the tongue opening degree of each seeding device to the minimum, and then press 0.4-0.6kg/mu rape seed, 1.5kg urea, 3.5kg ammonium bicarbonate, 1/4 bottle 3911 per acre. The proportion of the agent is mixed and adjusted. The amount of sowing at this time is the sum of the first three, that is, 5.4 to 5.6 kg. The adjustment method can be performed according to the adjustment of different types of seeders. Method 2: According to the agronomic requirements, rapeseed seeds that have been pelletized or mixed with rapeseed or sand that has been cooked are evenly distributed into the soil. The single rapeseed direct seeder can adjust the broadcast volume by the different chain transmission ratio; 3) Under the premise of guaranteeing the sowing volume, seeding depth and row spacing of the agronomic requirements during seeding, it is necessary to select the best walking according to the size and shape of the land. Routes and sowing methods. In the process of advancement, it is not possible to stop at will. When the planter is not raised, it cannot be reversed. At the same time, during the sowing process, the turning of the machine should not be overrunning. The compound machine operation speed should not be too fast, generally the speed of the ground wheel is 30 /5 minutes. 17. What is the status of China's rape mechanized harvesting technology? Mechanical harvesting technology is not yet mature in China. In Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang, a few regions use the Shanghai VIII rape harvester developed in recent years or on the common grain combine harvester for side cutting to reduce the distance between the small threshing roller and the gravure plate. The harvester can be harvested by combining the improved sieve length with the improved harvester. Alternatively, the harvester can be harvested using a batch harvester, harvested manually using a windrower, or harvested using a combine harvester. Most areas are still harvested by manual harvesting and mechanical de-luffing. Shanghai and other places have introduced advanced foreign rape combine harvester machinery, and their harvesting results are particularly good. 18. What are the two different ways to mechanize rape harvest? According to the different modes of mechanization of rapeseed harvesting, it can be divided into two kinds: staged harvesting and joint harvesting. 1) Stage harvesting: In the early stage of yellow rapeseed rape, the rapeseed should be cut or placed on the field by artificial or cutting machine, placed in the field for 5-7 days. After the rape is ripened and dried, it is picked up by a combine harvester or a thresher. The operating technology line is: crew preparation - cutting - placement - natural drying - picking up threshing - cleaning - rapeseed collection. 2) Combine harvesting: The combine harvesting, threshing, washing, grain collection, bagging and other processes can be completed directly in the field by using the combined harvester and self-propelled combine harvester. 1. Agronomic requirements for cutting, threshing clean, the total loss rate of less than 5%, cutting height should be based on the requirements of farmers in the range of 10-30cm, straw can be chopped back to the field or collected and reused, maturity of 80-90%. 19, rape machinery harvesting how to choose equipment? 1) Stage harvesting: windrower, combine harvester or tractor to beat and thresh; 2) Combine harvesting: use rapeseed special combine harvester, such as Wushan 2000 combine harvester, Shanghai IIIU rapeseed harvester, 4LZ-2 rapeseed Harvester. 20. What is the structure and performance of common models of rapeseed harvesting machinery? 1) 4LZ (Y)-1.5A combine harvester, technical performance index: This machine is a self-developed tracker after the conversion of the 4LZ-1.5A rice-wheat combine harvester and the screening device. Walking harvester. Engine power: 32.4 kw cut length: 1.8 m Productivity: 3-6 mu/h Inclusion rate: Less than 2% Broken rate: Less than 1.5% Header loss: Less than 2.5% Total loss rate: Less than 8% Maturity: less than 90 % Reliability: Greater than 90%. Structure: It mainly consists of a harvesting table, a trough, a threshing and cleaning device, a power machine, a chassis, a hydraulic system, and an unloading device, and it is in combination with a wheat-rice combine harvester. 2) Wushan-2000B multi-purpose combine harvester, technical performance indicators: Engine power: 32.4 kw cut length: 2 m Productivity: 3-8 mu/h Inclusion rate: less than 8% Breaking rate: less than 0.5% Total loss rate : Less than 8%. The structure is the same as the 4LZ(Y)-15A combine harvester. 21. What should you pay attention to when using common grain combine harvester to harvest rapeseed? When using ordinary grain combine harvester to harvest rape, timely adjust the various operating parameters of the harvester according to the different crop yields. When using an ordinary grain combine harvester for fixed picking and threshing, the drive of the walking drive and the cutting knife drive should be cut off. During mechanical harvesting, attention should also be paid to selecting the best harvest time to reduce harvest losses and prevent the decline of rapeseed quality. 22. What are the main technical points for rape harvesting? 1) Techniques for stage harvesting: First, timely harvesting and timely rolling. The suitable artificial harvest period of rapeseed is that 80% of the whole field is yellow, and it is necessary to strive to achieve “four lightâ€, that is, light cut, light put, light bundle, and light transport, and it should be done by cutting edge and edge to prevent cracking. Corners of grain, harvested rape in time to reduce losses. The second is when the combined harvester is used for sub-harvesting of rapeseed, the cutter part of the combine harvester should be replaced with a picker, and the gravure screen should be replaced, the wind speed of the cleaning fan should be reduced, and the threshing drum should be adjusted. The gap between the concave plates. 2) Combining harvesting techniques: Firstly, familiarize with the topography of rapeseed fields, and pay attention to implements to bring down the fields, cross the ditch, pass ridges, and walk safely. The second is to do maintenance and commissioning of the equipment according to the instructions. Before the combine harvester harvests the rapeseed, it replaces the concave mesh sieve and installs the plate-type tiller plate and the vertical cutting device on the left side of the header. The third is to master the maturity of rapeseed harvest. When the maturity is about 90%, the harvesting effect is the best. Fourth, when the combine harvester is harvesting rapeseed, it is necessary to reduce the wind speed of the cleaning fan appropriately to prevent blowing away the grain, and the gap between the threshing roller and the concave plate should be appropriately reduced. Harvest in a counterclockwise direction of rotation; in the event of a slight lodging of the rapeseed, it is advisable to harvest in the opposite direction so as not to increase the loss of rapeseed. 23. What are the agronomic requirements for rapeseed drying mechanization? Through physical action, the harvested rapeseed is dried from natural moisture to safe storage or processing requiring moisture (10-9%) and the original chemical composition of rapeseed remains basically unchanged. 24. What is the technical principle of rapeseed drying mechanization? Rape drying is to reduce the moisture content of rapeseed. The drying process is a process of creating conditions and vaporization of moisture in the rapeseed. It uses air, heated air, a mixture of flue gas and air to dry the medium, and transfers heat to the rapeseed in a convective manner to raise the temperature. Moisture vaporization is promoted, and this part of the water is carried away. The medium plays a dual role of a heat carrier and a carrier body. How much moisture the medium can take away when the rapeseed comes in contact depends primarily on its temperature, relative humidity, speed, and state of the medium when it passes through the rapeseed. Through the control of the medium state, the drying capacity can be adjusted to meet the drying requirements. At present, the widely used drying method is heating and drying, and there are usually four processes of preheating, moisture vaporization, slow suing, and cooling. 25. How can the rapeseed drying mechanization technology be classified? Divided by medium temperature and drying speed, there are low-temperature slow-ventilation drying and high-temperature rapid drying, classified according to the state of rapeseed movement, there are fixed bed, moving bed, fluidized bed, boiling bed, spouted bed and other five dryers. 26, rapeseed drying mechanization how to match equipment? 1) Fixed dryers currently mainly include circulating low-temperature dryers produced by Shanghai Sanjiu Machinery Co., Ltd., and special drying and general-purpose dryers produced by Gold Agricultural Machinery (Wuxi) Co., Ltd. The capacity of the same type of dryer (hourly productivity) varies greatly and the applicable model should be selected according to the specific conditions, and is generally used in a rapeseed processing plant. 2) The mobile dryer is mainly used for professional service of small-volume mobile operation, such as CTHL-0.5 mobile dryer and rapeseed special dryer produced by the Ministry of Agriculture Planning and Design Institute. 27. What is the structure and performance of common models of rapeseed drying mechanization? 1) CTHL-0.5 mobile dryer, technical performance indicators: dryer capacity: 2 cubic meters of production (rapeseed): 1500 kg / hour, precipitation amplitude: 2-3% per hour precipitation installed capacity: 6 kilowatts, Unit heat consumption: less than 6700 (kJ/kg water) Weight of the whole machine: 3000 kg, hot air temperature: 40°C—120°C Heater efficiency: 68%, moisture unevenness after drying: less than 2%, external dimensions : 5000mm2200mm5400mm (working state) 5200mm2200mm3000mm (walking state); Technical characteristics: First, the whole machine can achieve mobile operations, equipment utilization rate is high. The second is that the dryer, hot blast stove, circulation conveying auger, hoisting machine, fan and all auxiliary equipment are all compactly assembled on the semi-suspended mobile chassis. The whole machine can achieve long-distance under the traction of a farm tractor with more than 18 horsepower. Motorized operation. Through the removable structure of the drying tower and the rotating structure of the hoist, the height of the whole machine in the transportation process can be effectively reduced, and the machine has good road passing performance. Third, a wide range of fuels can be selected, ie, coal and diesel fuel can be used as fuel, crop straw can also be used as a fuel, and the operation is simple, and the fuel cost of equipment operation is low. Fourth, the continuously variable transmission mechanism ensures uniform drying of materials and effectively ensures the quality of the materials. Fifth, the range of hot air temperature of the dryer can be adjusted widely to meet the drying requirements of different drying objects. The adjustment range of air temperature is 40°C-120°C. Structure: It is mainly composed of a mobile chassis, a dryer, a hot blast stove, a circulation conveyor auger, a hoist, a fan and all ancillary equipment. 28, rapeseed drying mechanization of technical essentials? 1) The power supply voltage used should be within the allowable range; 2) Use fuel equipment, check whether the fuel tank has oil before starting the burner, and whether there is oil leakage in the oil circuit (mainly check the filter valve, tubing, burner, etc.). The fuel used must meet the requirements of the equipment. When the burner is working, do not add fuel to the tank. 3) After starting the dryer, check whether the empty running sound is normal (lifting machine, blower, agitating the upper and lower parts, etc.). During the drying work, check whether the combustion is normal and whether there is any odor; 4) When the rapeseed varieties of different varieties are replaced, clean the rapeseed residues that remain in the equipment to prevent confusion; 5) Maintain the machine facilities, the machine has Many electrical devices and moving parts should be regularly maintained and maintained, and equipped with the necessary safety protection equipment; 6) Regularly clean the drying screens of the dryers so that the holes in the screens are not blocked, so as not to affect the drying effect of the dryers; 7 ) When checking and cleaning the dryer, it is necessary to cut off the power supply first to avoid personal safety accidents; 8) The dryer operator must be specially trained and responsible. Use a dryer according to the operating procedures; 9) The operating scale of the drying point in the rapeseed production area should be adapted to the actual local demand. The model used must be suitable for the kind of dried rapeseed, and the location should be convenient for transport, especially considering the rainy day transport. Convenient; 10) The dryer is generally installed indoors, with good ventilation and enough work space to ensure normal operation at night and in the rain; large models that cannot be installed in the room (such as a tower dryer) should also be Choose a well-ventilated, relatively dry place.
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