Heat Stress The key to defining the feeding and management of dairy cows in summer is to minimize heat stress. Heat stress refers to the cow's stress caused by the decrease of the difference between the body temperature of the cow and the ambient temperature due to the increase of the ambient temperature, the enhancement of the evaporative heat dissipation, or the increase of the relative humidity, which causes the evaporative heat dissipation effect to weaken. High-producing dairy cows produce more body heat and stress. The ideal temperature range for dairy cows is 5-25°C. Once the temperature exceeds 27°C, the feed intake of dairy cows will decline, which will have an adverse effect on milk production. When the temperature reaches or exceeds 32°C, the milk production tends to drop significantly. Reduce production by 3-20%. Humidity is also an important factor in heat stress. Consequences of heat stress In heat stress, the cow's physiology, feed intake, raw milk quality, lactation, reproductive performance and other aspects will be affected, in serious cases will lead to the death of dairy cows. Effects on the physiology of dairy cows Increased metabolic heat in the body, increased sweating, increased urination, increased respiration, and increased carbon dioxide excretion. The concentration of growth hormone and thyroid hormones in the body decreased. The impact on feed intake decreased by 10% to 40%. Because the digestion of feed and the metabolism of nutrients in the body generate large amounts of calories, cows instinctively reduce feed intake to reduce metabolic heat production in the body. The impact on raw milk quality The amount of caloric food consumed during the day decreased, especially if the raw material intake was insufficient. As a result, propionic acid in the rumen increased and acetic acid decreased; insulin in the blood decreased; milk fat in raw milk decreased. The impact on milk production was mild stress, milk loss 2.25 kg/day; moderate stress, milk loss 2.5 kg/day; severe stress, milk loss 9 kg/day. The effect on reproductive performance was prolonged, the estrus was not obvious, the survival rate of the embryos was reduced, the reproduction rate was decreased, the retention rate of fetal clothing and postpartum metritis were increased, and the yak was of weak constitution and light weight. In the summer, the dairy cow's dietary mix should improve feed gaps in the summer and suppress the generation of heat that is not related to milk production. The main measures are the following: 1. To increase the dietary nutrient concentration, pay attention to the balance of nutrients and reduce the ammonia excretion. Appropriately increase the amount of high-protein, high-energy concentrates such as whole cottonseed, rumen-resistant fat, extruded soybeans, and soybean meal under reasonable and coarse proportions to maintain the normal rumen pH and prevent acidosis. The feed containing crude fiber is appropriately reduced, and easily digestible, high-quality roughage such as barnyardgrass, blocks, etc. are provided to reduce heat consumption. The ADF dropped to 17-19%, and the NDF dropped to 25-28%. 2. Add heat-stress additive. During the high temperature, the cow needs more major elements such as Ca, Na, K, P, Mg, and trace elements such as Cu, Zn, Se, Mn, etc., and the added amount should be about 10% higher than usual. Increasing dietary minerals increased potassium from 1% to 1.5%, sodium from 0.2% to 0.45%, and magnesium from 0.2% to 0.35%. Daily increase of vitamin A10-150000 international units to compensate for the high metabolism of vitamins and a large loss in the liver. 3. Yeast, enzymes and other microbial preparations can be used to promote rumen fiber digestion, increase the total diet digestibility and feed utilization, stabilize the rumen environment and PH value, thereby increasing the appetite and increasing the dry matter intake of dairy cows. Feeding Technology for Dairy Cows in Summer 1. Properly adjust the ratio of fine and coarse rations, and increase concentrates by 5%. 2. The adjustment of the three-tidal feed allocation (such as increasing the amount of early-night tide feeding). 3. The feeding sequence is flexible, and the coarse and fine materials are used together for many times to ensure that the cattle feed on high quality digestible feeds. 4. Appropriately increase the moisture content of the diet to ensure palatability. Summer Dairy Cattle Management The main goal of dairy cows in summer is to adopt reasonable countermeasures to effectively reduce the cow's heat stress response. Create a cool cowshed environment Do the following before midsummer comes. 1. Open all the ventilation holes and doors and windows of the cowshed to promote the flow of air inside the house and reduce the temperature inside the house. 2. Brush the white roof (right gray water) to increase the solar reflection. 3. A awning is installed at the cowshed connection to reduce direct sunlight. The evacuation of herds reduces the stocking density of dairy cows in the cows, and it can reduce the number of cows in a cow house that normally raises 100 cows. Take effective cooling measures The cowshed is equipped with a spray fan relay air supply to ensure that each cow blows to the wind. In the case of mild stress, ventilation is mainly performed by fans; in moderate stress, spray is added to the fan (spray for 30 seconds, the fan blows for 5 minutes, alternately); the shower can be performed under severe stress, usually in the first half of cattle feed Hours rush to the bull body, 2-3 times a day, cows can respond to heat stress more than a few times. With roof spray, the temperature in the house can be reduced, while the temperature in the house is not increased, and the cooling effect is better than indoor spraying. Grazing grazing should be carried out in the summer, and awnings should be constructed to ensure normal grazing. Supply sufficient clean drinking water (outside the home) Ensure that cattle have adequate clean drinking water: normal temperature: 3 liters of water / 1 kg of dry matter; hot weather: 7 liters of water / 1 kg of dry matter; upper limit: 250 liters of water / day. Elimination of mosquitoes flies more mosquitoes flies during the summer season. Since biting cows affect the rest of cows and cause milk production to decline and spread diseases, insecticide dilutions should be regularly sprayed to kill mosquitoes and flies. Do a good job of environmental sanitation around the barn; create green and tall and airy shade trees outside the house to create a comfortable living environment for dairy cows. The feed trough management guarantees that there is material 24 hours a day. The tank should be discharged at the beginning of each wave operation; the chute should be kept clean.
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