Paralichthys 0liuaceus is a genus of bony fish, subclass of radial fins, scorpion-like head, sub-orders, cockroaches, and genus of gingiva. Commonly known as partial mouth fish, high eye, flat head, left mouth, gums, flounder, tooth slices, ground fish, sand, teeth fresh, phase fish and other local names. Located in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean, it is mostly produced in China's Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. It is a non-margin fish in the nearshore. Ginger is a fierce carnivorous fish, usually benthic dormant, quick action when prey, low temperature resistance, broad salty. The gingivae are flat on the side, long oval, adult fish is 25-50cm long and weighs 1.5-3 kilograms. Both eyes are on the left side of the head, mouth is large, oblique, and cuspid. The dorsal fin has 72-85 soft fins, 55-65 anal fins, and almost all of its marginal fins. Ginger is a rare and economical fish for sea culture. It is tender and delicious, has high nutritional value, and has small head and dirt. It is also suitable for making sashimi. Ginger not only has beauty emollient effect, but also anti-inflammatory detoxification, spleen Qi and other effects. People in northern China are honored as the "first, second, and third tongues" in the precious fish. Ginseng has a fast growth rate, low feed coefficient, low salt tolerance, low output, good market conditions, and is a good breed for artificial breeding. First, the artificial breeding of gingiva can be carried out in the factory workshop of shrimp seedlings, but the water quality requirements are relatively fresh, there are shading facilities, hatching and nursery to Xiaochi is appropriate. 1. The choice of broodstock and the cultivation of broodstock sources can be divided into two types: broodstock breeding in the natural sea area and artificial breeding. Broodstock is difficult to defend during sexual maturation, but it can be discriminated from the gonad in the spawning period. The reproductive hole is red and the female is round; the reproductive hole is slender and not red. Females in the sea catch broodstock are sexually mature at 3 to 4 years of age, and males are mature at 2 to 3 years of age. Normally, broodstock with a body length of 45 cm or more and a body weight of 1.5 kg or more is cultivated in the pool. However, due to the wild nature of the broodstock in the sea, it is difficult to eat and eat, coupled with a small number, so in addition to the necessary maintenance of germplasm and other reasons, the general production units use artificial breeding of broodstock preferred breeding. Artificially cultivated broodstock can be mature at the second age, and some can be mature at the first age. Generally, the broodstock with a body length of 30 cm or more and a body weight of more than 1 kg is preferred. The broodstock has a culture density of 2-3 tails/m, a water temperature of 14-20° C., a water depth of 1-1.2 m, and a ground-breaking method of changing water or running water and circulating water. Low light, feeding fresh small fish or fish, and adding nutrients to prevent the bait is too single to improve the basic quality of the eggs. 2, fertilized eggs obtained by the sea to catch broodstock to be able to naturally ovulate fertilization is the best, and some by maturing mature ovulation fertilization, and some also use injection oxytocin, and then manually squeezed ovulation, row fine, implement dry or water type Artificial insemination method. The artificially grown broodstock can naturally ovulate and fertilize after being optimally cultivated. When broodstock was discovered in the broodstock breeding pool, the broodstock could be concentrated in the production pool and weighed around 10 kg/m to facilitate spawning. The spawning temperature is 15°C, and the salinity is about 30°F. Although a male broodstock can satisfy the ovulation and fertilization of the multi-female broodstock, the amount of male broodstock should not be too small and should be maintained at about 1:1 because the male broodstock tends to mature or not be unified later than the female. Spawning is generally at night, and the first 5-7 days of spawning are the highest levels of ovulation and fertility. The ovulation rate of broodstock of 3rd instar and above can reach 2 million, about 1200 to 1600 grains per gram of fertilized eggs. Production is usually calculated at 1 million per kilogram. Gnaers can be matured in batches and spawned several times in order to collect fertilized eggs. The method of overflow holes or siphoning of surface water is generally used to collect floating fertilized eggs. Can also be combined with sieve nets. The fertilized eggs are washed and the hatched eggs removed after hatching. 3. Fertilized egg hatching and larval rearing The fry breeding was divided into two stages: juvenile larvae and late juveniles. According to the different habits and traits of larvae and their different breeding methods, this article divides the four stages of larvae, juveniles, juveniles, and later stages so that different technical measures can be taken in stages in the larval rearing process. The technical points are shown in the following table. 4, common disease prevention and control (1) intestinal whitish disease is common in the gingival gingival viscera cloudy opaque, do not eat, often in the nursery pool side or corner cluster, not lively. The intestinal tract gradually shrinks, and the abdomen sinks and dies. It is generally believed that the matrix of the egg is poor and is induced by Vibrio. The main prevention is to add nutrients during the broodstock incubation period. The larvae are bred and fed with quality rotifers. In addition, maintain the water quality of nursery. (2) Bloating Disease The fish stomach capsule expands and even ruptures. The earlier the disease, the higher the mortality rate. It is generally believed that the water environment is poor, the food is single, and the indigestion is induced by Vibrio alginolyticus. In addition to improving the water environment, various kinds of high-quality baits such as rotifers and brooders are fed. (3) The albinism of the albinism seedlings is often an artificially cultivated seedling, with partial or partial whitening of the ocular surface. At the same time, there are individual morphological abnormalities, such as moving the eyes in the opposite direction or staying in the dorsal midline area, and some abnormalities such as spine, scales and dorsal fins. It is generally believed that the diet is incomplete, the density is too high, the water temperature is low or unstable, and the thyroid hormone secretion is incomplete. Prevention is mainly to improve nutrition, feeding a variety of fresh plankton, while strengthening technical management. (4) ciliate disease due to poor water quality, a large number of ciliates exist in the fin base, gills, body surface, subcutaneous and other parts of the fish, making the fish black or white, and even ulcers, erosions, sputum anemia. Prevention and control are mainly strict water disinfection, including ultraviolet light, drugs and precipitation filtration measures. Larvae and bait should be disinfected to prevent infection in the pool and isolation and disinfection of the diseased fish. Gingival carp seedlings also include Edwardian disease, sliding bacterial disease, and atrial thrombosis and herpes virus diseases. Some of them can be reduced and avoided by strictly controlling water quality, strengthening nutrition, and improving the quality of broodstock. However, if it does happen, there are no cures. Second, the artificial breeding of dental carp artificial gingivae, according to their habits, mainly to maintain the quality of water, sediment, the difficulty of its breeding is winter and summer. According to these characteristics, the gingiva can be cultured in cages. It is most appropriate to choose deep-water bays without freezing and clean water. Therefore, gingiva are also suitable for offshore cultivation. Small earthen ponds with good water-changing conditions can adopt the methods of laying plastic cloths and sands, and they can also cultivate the gums. However, it is necessary to solve the problems of concentrated over-wintering or summering. If there are shallow salty wells, wintering and summer problems can also be solved. However, it is often difficult to fish out of larger ponds or fish and shrimp. At present, it is ideal to use factory-cultured gingiva to make use of the existing factory-built larval rearing workshops, and it is also possible to culture gums. The technical points of factory cultured gingiva are now described as follows: (1) Facilities for factory cultured gingiva require factory culture except for the factory-based shrimp nursery, which includes water treatment (precipitation, filtration, disinfection), and temperature increase (geothermy) Or electric heating or boilers, etc.) In addition to water intake and drainage adjustment, inflating and other facilities, due to the large amount of water exchange, it is necessary to spend summer time. Therefore, there are also the following requirements: 1. There is a low temperature water source, such as qualified seawater or brine. Deep well fresh water to ensure summer. 2. Due to the large amount of water exchanged, the mixed sea area should use two sets of facilities for internal and external recycling water. The external source water is the main source and supplement, and the internal circulating water maintains the water quality. Internal and external circulating water includes facilities such as sedimentation, filtration, disinfection (ultraviolet rays, drugs), purification (methods such as removal of ammonia-nitrogen-rich nutrients, or ozone treatment), and can be recycled to form water-saving environmental protection modern facilities. 3, aquaculture ponds. The cement pool is preferably round or octagonal, the pool depth is 1.2-1.5 meters, the water depth is about 0.8 meters, and the single pond area is 30-40 meters. It can also be large or small; the longitudinal slope of the pool can facilitate the removal of debris; The water inlet pipe should be able to make the pool water form micro-rotational flow, and the design of the pool should be coordinated with internal and external recycling water. 4, the factory culture rarely need to light, do not have to use a high transmittance of the ceiling building. (II) Selection, transportation and stocking of gingival seedlings 1. Select seedlings, choose disease-free, healthy, and tidy seedlings, but the specifications should not be less than 5cm. 2, transport, currently generally use a special plastic bag inflatable transport, two bags of a foam box, each bag can hold 300-500 seedlings. Conditions can add ice in the plastic bag, so that the water temperature at 10-15 °C, can be 24-32 hours in a row. 3, stocking, stocking density According to the water changing capacity of the pool and the body size of the fish is different, the ability to change the water can be more, but the general requirement is to observe at night, the area of ​​the fish tiled in the bottom of the pool can not exceed 70%. Stocking 6-10cm in length should be between 600-200/m. (3) Gingival culture 1. Water environment control (1) Water temperature Ginger carp can survive at 5-28°C, with a minimum temperature of 2°C, a growth water temperature of 10-25°C, and an optimum water temperature of 15-25°C. Because it is a factory culture, so the best winter temperature is controlled at 15-20 °C, still can grow well; the more difficult is summer, the best seedling summer is not more than 25 °C, if it is difficult, it should try to control Below 27°C, adult fish are also controlled below 28°C. Natural water temperatures can be used in other seasons to save energy and expenses. (2) Salinity can be successfully cultured in a natural seawater salinity of 25-33 ,. During the summer or winter, if it is necessary to blend low-temperature freshwater well water or blend hot well water, the salinity can be as low as 16 ‰ or more. (3) Other indicators PH: 7.7-8.6 Dissolved oxygen: 6-10 ppm, inflated. Illumination: With shading, the best control is 500-2000lux, and the maximum is not more than 5000lux to avoid light disturbance and reduce algae breeding. 2, feeding (1) bait species: Artemia, shrimp, mixed fish and shrimp, frozen fresh fish, artificial feed and mixed granular food bait. (2) Feeding method The bait is processed so that it is suitable for the gingiva to swallow. Ginseng fish like small meals, the more fish, the more the number of feedings, 4-6 times per day as well, in order to strive for uniform growth, try to reduce the residual bait. (3) Feeding rate The feeding rate is not only related to water temperature, but also related to body length. The larger the fish, the lower the relative food intake. Under the condition of factory culture, the body length is less than 10cm, and the bait can be planned according to 15-20% of the body weight; Below 200g body weight, according to 5-10% plan; 300g above 3% plan, but continue to adjust in the specific feeding. Feeding diets can regularly add nutrients and antibiotics to prevent disease. (4) The characteristics of uneven growth of the larvae are as follows: As the individual grows up, the gingiva should be divided into pools. When the pool is divided, the same pool with similar specifications should be selected to reduce biting and bullying. . The pool density is still the highest not more than 70% tiled at the bottom of the pool, if the fish weighs 50 grams, about 150 fish per square meter; 100 grams of fish, 100 fish / m or less; 200 grams of fish, 50 fish / m below; 400 grams of fish 30 tail / m or so. In addition, the density can be adjusted according to the water exchange conditions and water quality conditions. (5) Disease prevention Due to the high density of factory culture, it is prone to diseases. The common parasitic fin ciliacosis, or white spot disease, is prone to occur in the early stage. Edwards' disease is also commonly referred to as ascites, and may occur in various stages. , rectal prolapse, kiss red, fin hemorrhage and other performance, mainly by maintaining water environment prevention; another albinism is a common disease; mainly by maintaining the water environment, increase nutrition, drug disinfection and other preventive measures, for infectious diseases, to isolate and disinfect.
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