Basic types, uses and operating procedures of ELISA methods
Basic types, uses and operating procedures of ELISA methods
1. Direct ELISA kit
This method is primarily used to detect antibodies. Taking the ELISA of duck viral hepatitis (DVH) antibody as an example, the procedure of direct ELISA is as follows:
(1) Information
1 coating liquid, washing liquid, heat preservation liquid, substrate liquid, stopping liquid;
2 DVH coated antigen, enzyme-labeled anti-antibody, negative and positive DVH refer to serum; duck serum to be tested;
3 ELISA detector, sampler, polystyrene microplate.
(2) Method process
1 Add antigen coating → 4 ° C overnight, wash three times, throw dry
2 add serum to be tested → 37 ° C for 2 hours, wash three times, throw dry
3 Add enzyme labeled antibody → 37 ° C for 2 hours, wash three times, throw dry
4 Add substrate solution → 37 ° C for 30 minutes, add stop solution
5 Determine the OD value using an ELISA tester and calculate the P/N ratio.
(3) Results Determination The ratio of known positive serum to known negative serum (P/N) ≥ 2.1, and the positive LD value of known positive serum is ≥ 0.4; in the case where the above conditions are established, if the serum to be tested is known The ratio of negative serum (P/N) ≥ 2.1, and the OD value of the serum to be tested is ≥ 0.4, then it is judged as positive, otherwise it is judged as negative.
2, double antibody sandwich ELISA kit
This method is primarily used to detect macromolecular antigens. The procedure of this method is described by taking the double sandwich antibody ELISA for detecting infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) as an example.
1 add antibody coating → 4 ° C overnight, wash three times, throw dry
2 Add the antigen to be tested → 37 ° C for 30 minutes, wash three times, throw dry
3 Add enzyme-labeled antibody → 37 ° C for 30 minutes, wash three times, throw dry
4 Add substrate solution → 37 ° C for 15 minutes, add stop solution
5 Determine the OD value using an ELISA tester.
3, double sandwich ELISA kit
The primary difference between this method and the double antibody sandwich ELISA is that it uses an enzyme-labeled anti-antibody to view a variety of macromolecular antigens. It not only does not need to symbolize each antibody, but also improves the sensitivity of the assay.
The fundamental procedure of this law is:
1 Add antibody (Ab-1) coating → 4 ° C overnight, wash three times, throw dry
2 Add the antigen to be tested (Ag) → 37 ° C for 60 minutes, wash three times, throw dry
3 Add specific antibody (Ab-2) produced by non-same animals → 37 ° C for 60 minutes, wash three times, throw dry
4 Add enzyme-labeled anti-Ab-2 antibody (AB-3) → 37 ° C for 60 minutes, wash three times, throw dry
5 Add substrate solution → 37 ° C for 20 minutes, add stop solution
6 Determine the OD value using an ELISA tester.
We may have heard of the Dome Fixed Focus Camera/ Fixed Focus Dome Camera/ Fixed Focus Dome cameras/ Fixed Focus Digital Dome Camera/ Fixed Focus Dome Camera Amazon/ Fixed Focus Dome Camera CCTV, so what is the Dome Fixed Focus Camera? We know that the dome refers to the camera shape, so what about the Fixed Focus? Actually, the Fixed Focus refers to a type of the camera lens. Today let me introduce the camera lens for you.
Last time, I have introduced the camera lens and one classification for you. Today please let me introduce the 2nd classification for you---the classification according to the occasions.
1. The standard lens
The lens with the angle of view at about 50°(which is also the angle that a person can see without turning his head and eyes), is called the standard lens. The focal length of the 5mm camera's standard lens is mostly 40mm, 50mm or 55mm. The focal length of the 120 camera's standard lens is mostly 80mm or 75mm. The larger the CCD chip is, the longer the focal length of the standard lens will be.
2. The wide-angle lens
The wide-angle lens has the angle of view at above 90 degrees, which is suitable for shooting close and large-scale scenery, and can deliberately exaggerate the foreground to show a sense of perspective. The typical wide-angle lens of the 35mm camera has a focal length at 28mm and an angle of view at 72°. The 50mm, 40mm lens of the 120 camera is equivalent to the 35mm, 28mm lens of the 35mm camera.
3. The long focal length lens
The long focal length lens is suitable for shooting distant subjects. The small depth of field can easily make the background blurred and the subject stand out, but it is bulky and the difficult to focus on the dynamic subjects. The long focal length lenses of the 35mm camera are usually divided into three levels, 135mm or less is called the medium focal length, 135-500mm is called the long focal length, and above 500mm is called the super long focal length. The 150mm lens of the 120 camera is equivalent to the 105mm lens of the 35mm camera. The long focal length lens has the telephoto lens design because it is too bulky, that is, a negative lens is added to the lens behind , and the main plane of the lens is moved forward, then a shorter lens body can be used to obtain the long focal length effect.
4. The reflective telescope lens
The reflective telescope lens is another design of the super telescope lens, which uses a reflecting mirror to form an image. However, due to the design, the aperture can't be installed, and the exposure can be adjusted only through the shutter.
5. The Macro lens
The Macro lens can not only do the close-up macro photography, but also do the telephoto.
In conclusion, we can choose rake the angle of the view into consideration according to our needs, when we choose a Dome Fixed Focus Camera.
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