In order to increase the hen production and reduce the rate of egg breakage, the supply of calcium should be checked during the laying period. Feed is the main factor that determines the quality of the shell and the strength of the shell. Tests have shown that the calcium deposition in the skeletal structure of the hens is enhanced in the first half of the opening month. Therefore, from the age of 4 months until the 5% egg production rate, the hens should be fed with a higher calcium-containing compound. It is now widely believed that the optimum calcium levels in laying hens' diets range from 3.2% to 3.5%, whereas in the case of high temperatures or high egg production rates (75% to 80%), calcium levels can be added to 3.6%. ~3.8%, adding 4% in the short term can thicken the eggshell, but further increase the adverse effect on egg production, can not improve the eggshell quality. Insufficient calcium in feed will promote feeding, resulting in excessive feed consumption, weight gain of hens, and more fatty deposits in the liver; supersaturated calcium in feeds will cause loss of appetite in chickens. When the ground is raised, several feeding troughs with coarse sand grains and crushed shells can be put in the chicken house for free feeding.
In general, hens have sufficient calcium reserves for the formation of a few eggs in their bones. When sufficient calcium is not obtained from the feed, the eggshells will deteriorate, producing soft or shellless eggs and even quail. The longer the calcium in the bone is called to form the shell, the worse the shell strength.
Hens feel calcium deficiency during the formation of eggshells at night. The calcium eaten by chickens during the first half of the day is absorbed through the alimentary canal, absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, deposited in bones, and then used to form egg shells when necessary. Only calcium consumed in the latter half of the day was used directly to form egg shells. Therefore, it is better to replenish the hens with calcium at 12 to 20 o'clock. When the hens freely eat calcium, they can adjust the amount of calcium themselves. For example, during eggshell formation, calcium intake is normally 92%, and calcium intake during non-formation is only 68%. Hens with lower body weight and less feed should be given more calcium.
Shells and stone powder are commonly used as the source of calcium. In the case of shells and stone powder in the diet of 2:1, the eggshell has the best strength. Chickens have the best absorption of animal-derived calcium sources, poor absorption of plant-derived calcium sources, and high-temperature-sterilized eggshells are the best sources of calcium.
In the experiment of hybrid chickens, when the shell-breaking rate of chickens at the age of 61 weeks reached 3.5%, the granular shell powder of 2% of total feed was added in the afternoon, the number of broken eggs was significantly reduced, the shells were smooth, and the average was 72 weeks old. The broken egg rate was only 1.59% and received good results.
The proportions of calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D3 have an effect on egg shell strength. Calcium is 3% to 3.5%, and phosphorus is 0.45%, while vitamin D3 is the best 10 to 12 times of vitamin A standard. Calcium determines the brittleness of the eggshell, and phosphorus determines the elasticity of the eggshell. Vitamin D3 deficiency will destroy the balance of calcium in the body, resulting in defective shell formation. Generally, the eggshell quality of egg production is good at 14 to 17 o'clock in the afternoon, and is mainly related to the prolonged interval between laying eggs, and the chickens get enough calcium supplements.
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