Cell: Heavy! Building a complete cell map of human head and neck cancer for the first time

Head and neck tumors are more common in the United States and worldwide, and are the sixth leading cause of cancer-related diseases and death. Although this tumor is often found in the tongue, cheeks or throat, it allows surgical removal, but it can spread further through the lymph nodes. Unfortunately, once this cancer spreads in this way in a process called metastasis, it becomes more challenging to treat it, and patients often have poorer treatment outcomes.

Image courtesy of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary.

According to a new study, head and neck tumors containing cells undergoing partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are more likely to invade and spread to other parts of the body. Researchers from Massachusetts General Hospital and Broad Research researchers have developed the first map of head and neck cancer in this new study, revealing many of the primary head and neck tumors and their metastases. Different types of cancer cells and non-cancer cells. EMT converts these cells from a neatly arranged block structure into an irregular structure that extends into the surrounding environment. These findings provide important clues about how head and neck cancer metastasizes and may have an impact on other common cancers. The results of the study were published in the December 14th, 2017 issue of Cell, entitled "Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Primary and Metastatic Tumor Ecosystems in Head and Neck Cancer."

Using a method called single-cell RNA sequencing, the researchers analyzed more than 600 cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, the most common head and neck cancer. Through their analysis, they constructed a map of all the different cells present in head and neck cancer. They can also describe a unique structural transformation involving cancer cells and normal cells in their environment, which allows tumors to spread.

Corresponding author of the paper, Bradley E., Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital Dr. Bernstein said, “This is the clearest picture of this structural shift in human tumors. Over the years, it has been known that cells can lose their connection to surrounding tissues and become more mobile, but this is There has been debate about when, how and where human cancer occurs."

Partial epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process that results in the ability of cells that are usually static to produce migration. These findings suggest that head and neck tumors temporarily "borrow" this process of normal embryonic development to invade nearby tissues and spread, and these findings may be applicable to similar cancers such as breast, prostate and lung cancer.

The first author of the paper, Sidharth V. of Harvard Medical School Dr. Puram said, “Although we are excited to provide a rich and detailed description of each cell type in head and neck tumors, we quickly realized that unique cancer cells are present in some patients, but there are no other Among the patients, we want to know if these cancer cells can explain why some tumors spread to the neck and below the neck, while other tumors do not spread."

Clinicians treating head and neck tumors have been facing the possibility of this tumor spreading in patients for many years, and surgeons are still unsure of how to find tumor metastases and how to determine whether lymph node tissue in the neck needs to be removed. Understanding this process has the potential to avoid unnecessary surgery and also helps in planning chemotherapy and radiation therapy.

These researchers predict that tumors that experience this shift in the future may affect the way clinically manage cancer patients. This knowledge will allow the surgeon to make decisions based on the biological characteristics of each patient rather than the size of the tumor, and predict the likelihood that the tumor will spread to other parts of the body.

Corresponding author of the paper, Derrick T. of Harvard Medical School Dr. Lin said, “We may be able to predict more accurately which patients will have a worse prognosis than our current tumor staging system. It is better to predict which patients will have lymph node metastasis to better optimize our treatment strategy. Insights may also lead to the development of new therapies that target this process and prevent metastasis from the primary site. Given that tumor metastasis is one of the most difficult treatments and one of the biggest causes of cancer patients' inability to survive, these findings opened up. A new field of research."

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