[Dry goods] These 6 Nobel Prize winners shared their medical opportunities and opportunities.

At 9:00 on September 2, the opening ceremony of the 3rd Nobel Prize Winners Medical Summit and the China-US Academician Forum was held in Chengdu Shangri-La Hotel. The Nobel Prize Winners Medical Summit is the annual International Medical Summit of the Nobel Prize Winners International Scientific Exchange Association. It is dedicated to promoting China's forward-looking research in the natural sciences and social sciences and promoting international academic exchanges. , technical cooperation and information platform construction, support and help China's outstanding scientific research personnel to the world.

During the summit, the six Nobel Prize winners came to the summit of the summit - the World Youth Innovation Forum, the incarnation of the Nobel Prize Mentor Group, together with the vast number of students and young scientists, telling their previous research stories and encouraging everyone to study on the road. Keep going.

1. Richard Roberts: Unexpected discovery of introns and exons

Character brief introduction: 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medical Award. Professor Richard Roberts is an outstanding scientist in the field of international life sciences, a member of the Royal Academy of Sciences, and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Richard Roberts first discovered the biotransformation process of nucleic acids and found that their genes are discontinuous in the DNA arrangement separated by some unrelated fragments. He has discovered more than 100 related enzymes, and the nuclease database is one of the most complete biological databases in the world. In 1993, Professor Richard Roberts and the American scientist Sharp won the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medical.

Accidentality played an important role in my research career. Because I quickly obtained a Ph.D. in chemistry, I was able to read John Kendrew's book Line of Life at the Sheffield Library to discover the existence of molecular biology. Then I didn't stay in Wisconsin, but went to Harvard as a postdoctoral fellow to do a topic on RNA sequencing, which opened up my lifelong interest in sequencing and gave me the opportunity to participate in a seminar hosted by Dan Nathan. Will, thus arousing my interest in restriction enzymes. In 1973, in Cold Spring Harbor, my laboratory launched a search for restriction enzymes. At the time, there were few known restriction enzymes. We have achieved great success, and more than 70% of the 100 enzymes we first discovered were discovered.

The reason for my award is to discover the introns and exons in the eukaryotic genes. The meaning behind this theme of the conference, especially the meaning behind the theme of my speech, is to explain that the major findings in most scientific studies are not After the actual planning, but encountered by chance. The appearance of these unexpected results is sometimes due to improper design of the experiment, sometimes due to improper experimental methods. In either case, nature is trying to tell us something that humans have not discovered yet.

Throughout my career, luck and opportunity have always brought unexpected results, which is critical to my success. After Richard Gelinas joined my lab in 1975 as a postdoctoral fellow, we tried to characterize a human parvovirus called adenovirus, hoping to find out whether the DNA sorting in the adenovirus is consistent with the ordering of other viruses. We characterized the 5' end of the mRNA and found a new way to solve this problem. However, the method we chose yielded unexpected results almost immediately on the issue of mRNA structure of adenovirus 2 (Ad2). If this result is to be explained, the mRNA production process of Ad2 can only be completely different from bacteria and their phage. Not only the difference in mRNA synthesis, but also the structure of genes must be different. These findings are not well explained in terms of what we learned about bacterial transcription and its genetic structure. Thanks to the cooperation with Louise Chow and Tom Broker, we can continue this extraordinary observation. After about 6 months of experimental observation, we came to the main reason for this unexpected result, or the real reason, the fact that although the bacterial gene split into many small fragments. These small fragments that are the appearance of proteins are called exons, and the fragments that are located between the two exons are called introns. This is a striking and significant discovery, because before that, everyone thought that there was no intermittent DNA fragment between humans, between viruses and viruses, between bacteria and bacteria. This is the first time that the world's hypothesis has been challenged.

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