The experts in viticulture often sum up the rules of the annual management of vineyards as “grasping two ends and taking the middleâ€, among which autumn management is one of the two “big headsâ€. Autumn tubes in vineyards mainly refer to the field management of fruit harvesting (most mid-maturing varieties are in about the middle or late August, late-maturing varieties such as Red Earth in about the middle of September) and the period before falling leaves. Its main job is to keep leaves and fertilize. This work is extremely important but often overlooked by growers.
First of all, berry growth consumes most of the nutrients of the plant, and it is necessary to restore the tree vigor as soon as possible. It is necessary to replenish nutrients in a timely manner; after harvesting, the root system will enter the second peak of annual growth, and the secondary deputy grows further. It also needs nutritional supplements. The roots absorb a large number of these supplementary nutrients, and through the new photosynthetic strong shoots of the shoots, more storage nutrients can be synthesized to promote the ripening of the shoots and the fullness of the buds, thus improving the cold resistance of the shoot buds. Second, the fall will determine the output of the following year. The roots and vines of the grapes are storage organs. The nutrients absorbed by the roots of the autumn fertilizer are almost entirely stored in the roots and vines (about 50%-55% in the roots and 24% in the old vines, resulting in 16% of the mother twigs. ). In the spring of the following year, the growth of new shoots, the growth of perennial old vines, the further development of inflorescences, and the growth of the absorption roots are almost all dependent on the autumn storage nutrition. If there is insufficient storage nutrients, the spring base of the ear cannot (or cannot) normally divide the flowers and become tendrils. The top-dressing fertilizer in spring is mainly absorbed in roots after anthesis, which mainly benefits from the growth of new shoots and fruits in summer, but does not play a decisive role in the level of yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the autumn tube level determines the storage and nutrition level of the plant, and thus determines the strength of new shoot growth in the following spring, which in turn determines the degree of flower bud differentiation, and ultimately affects the yield.
Grasping autumn tube work mainly has the following three aspects.
1, protect the leaves from early defoliation
Diseases such as downy mildew and brown spot disease have been serious in autumn in some gardens in recent years and should be prevented and treated as soon as possible. After harvesting Bordeaux multi-spray (copper sulfate: quicklime: water = 1:0.7:200) or 50% Tuzet WP 500-800 times, has a good control effect against a variety of diseases; if the downy mildew The disease has already occurred, especially under long-term and rainy conditions, it can be treated with 25% metalaxyl WP 500-700 times, the effect is good, but the number of continuous medication should not exceed two times, and it should not exceed 3 times in the whole year to avoid drug resistance. .
The leaves formed by the secondary shoots in autumn have strong photosynthetic capacity, even if the old leaves on the drooping covering surface should not be cut off. It should be protected as far as possible to prevent pests and diseases, promote it to make more storage nutrition; The old leaves of the stem except for the infected ones were removed as much as possible except for the rest, and 0.2% urea solution could be sprayed 1-2 times to promote the increase of chlorophyll and maintain a certain photosynthetic capacity.
2, the rational fertilization, the sooner the better
The autumn fertilizer of grapes is mainly organic soil fertilizer, combined with NPK fertilizer. It can be applied once after fruit harvesting, the sooner the better, it can also be used as soon as possible supplement NPK fertilizer, and then apply organic fertilizer.
The amount of autumn fertilizer is different because of the different conditions of the area, soil, and plants. It is difficult to have a uniform fertilization standard under any circumstances. Scientific fertilization should be determined based on leaf analysis and soil analysis, but at present, most vineyards are difficult to do. It should be noted that the grapes need more nitrogen and potassium, and less phosphorus is required. Here only the annual amount of fertilizer used in high-quality and stable production areas in the north as reference: pure nitrogen 13-15 kg, phosphorus 10-13 kg, potassium 12-15 kg; the proportion of autumn fertilizer in the total amount of the three elements is not the same, nitrogen accounted for 60% of the total, potassium accounted for about 50%, all phosphorus is applied, growers can be based on common organic fertilizer, fertilizer nutrients Table of contents, calculated the amount of various types of autumn fertilizer should be applied, basically able to meet the requirements of scientific fertilization.
The method of fertilization, range and depth of fertilization should be based on root distribution and fertilizer types. Mature trees are generally 1 meter away from the main trunk and young trees are within 1 meter. They adopt a ditch or acupuncture method with a depth of 0.3-0.4 meters. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are quickly fixed and poorly mobile when applied to soil and should be applied deep and close to the root system.
3, timely planting winter green manure
The cultivation of green manure in the vineyards can increase the amount of organic matter in the soil, improve the soil structure, increase the utilization of chemical fertilizers, and save fertilizer use. In winter, areas that do not need to be buried in cold areas should be vigorously promoted.
Fructus Gardenia is an excellent winter-green manure, yielding 1,000 kilograms of fresh fleece per mu. It only needs to supply 5.6 kg, 1.3 kg, and 4.3 kg of pure nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which basically can meet the fertilizer needed to increase 500 kg of fresh fruit. Long-term planting of burrs can basically satisfy the fertilizer required by the garden. This is the way for the vineyard to take eco-agriculture and the only way to produce green fruits. Mao Zizi is best planted one month before sowing, and late will affect its yield.
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