Editor's note: With the sudden increase in temperature in spring, winter wheat diseases and insect pests began to rise. In particular, the outbreak of wheat diseases has been particularly serious in recent years, which has seriously affected the increase in wheat production. Here, we summarized the occurrence and prevention of common wheat diseases for your reference.
Wheat Stripe Rust
Wheat stripe rust is a regional epidemic disease that has the greatest impact on wheat production in China. It has the characteristics of wide range of occurrence, rapid spread, and large damage loss. At present, the main wheat cultivars in China are resistant to single sources, and most of them have poor disease resistance. The precipitation in the winter and summer-era areas and the winter-producing areas are large, and the temperature conditions are suitable. In addition, the snow cover provides favorable conditions for the safe wintering of the stripe rust pathogens. Abundant, if the weather is suitable, it will be widespread in the country and cause serious losses.
The reporter learned from the forecast of meteorological grades of agricultural and forestry diseases and pests issued by the Central Meteorological Bureau of the China Meteorological Administration on April 21st. Since the spring, the temperatures in the southeastern part of the northwest, the eastern part of the southwestern region, Jianghan, Jianghuai, Huanghuai, and other winter wheat regions have been high, most of them. Precipitation is relatively high, weather conditions are generally conducive to the spread of wheat stripe rust, some wheat areas have emerged, and showed an expanding trend. It is expected that the occurrence and development of wheat stripe rust in the southeast of the northwest region, the northeastern region of the southwest region, northern Jianghan, and southern Henan Province from late April to early May will have higher meteorological grades, and monitoring and prevention must be strengthened.
Experts in agriculture recommended that dynamic monitoring of stripe rust should be strengthened in the southeast of the northwestern region, northeastern southwestern region, northern Jianghan, etc., and emergency prevention and control measures should be taken in the affected area in time to control the disease and prevent spread. All localities should pay attention to the timely discharge of moisture and rainfall after rainfall, remove field weeds, improve the microclimate environment in the field, reduce the disease, and reduce the damage caused by diseases.
Fusarium head blight
Wheat scab, also known as wheat withered, rotten wheat head, red wheat head. It occurs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and in the southwestern wheat area. Harmful winter wheat, barley, etc., mainly caused by seedlings, ear rot, stem rot, culm rot and ear rot, from seedlings to heading can be victimized, of which the most serious is the ear rot. The heading of wheat during the flowering period is prone to high rainfall, high humidity, and low sunshine (average daily temperature ≥15°C, air humidity ≥85%).
According to the meteorological grade forecast of agricultural and forestry diseases released by the China Meteorological Administration, since the beginning of spring this year, the temperature in the wheat fields in Jianghuai, Jianghan, Huanghuai, and other places has increased by 2-4°C, and the heading and flowering period of wheat has generally been 3-8 days earlier than last year. The incidence of susceptibility to head blight is correspondingly advanced. In early April, sporadic scab was found in wheat in parts of southwestern Sichuan, Chongqing, and Zhejiang.
Experts suggest that all localities should pay close attention to weather changes and the occurrence of head blight. Spray pesticides before rain or in the gaps in time to prevent wheat yield and quality from being affected. At the same time, they must promptly dispose of disease centers to reduce the risk of disease epidemics. In areas with high precipitation, we should do a good job in dehumidification and desiccation of wheat fields, promote the robust growth of winter wheat, increase the resistance of wheat, and prevent the spread of head blight infection.
Wheat sheath blight
Wheat sheath blight is one of the spring diseases that affect wheat yield and quality. Its occurrence and development are closely related to meteorological conditions such as temperature and humidity. Generally warm in winter and warm in early spring, it is accompanied by more rainy days and insufficient illumination. Rhizoctonia occurs severely, and vice versa. The rainfall from March to early May is closely related to the severity of the disease.
In recent years, wheat sheath blight has developed into one of the major diseases in wheat production. From April to mid-May each year is the season of frequent occurrence of wheat sheath blight, generally reducing production by 20% to 40%. Wheat sheath blight is not easy to identify, and many farmers often fail to prescribe the right medicine. They often miss the timing of control and have a great impact on wheat production. In the case of low-temperature and wet-weather conditions, crops that are sown too early, have too many seeds and too large a population of fields, and use more nitrogenous fertilizers, have higher field humidity, and suffer from “freezing injury†are often more severe, if the sheath blight occurs. There is still a trend of development, and the drug should be sprayed every 7-10 days.
Whole wheat rot disease
Whole wheat pathogens are soil inhabitants. The dormant mycelia on the roots of the cutting wheat harvest area became the primary source of infection for the lower jaw. Shortly after the winter wheat seed germination, the summer mycelia can invade the roots and overwinter in the blackened roots. Spring wheat turns green, mycelium also grows faster with increasing temperature, extends upwards to the tiller section and base of the stem, joints to the heading stage, can infect to section 1-2, due to the death of stem base damage diseased plants will continue to die .
The full-blown wheat pathogen is better than gas, with a developmental temperature limit of 3 to 35°C, a suitable temperature of 19 to 24°C, and a lethal temperature of 52 to 54°C (warming) for 10 minutes. Soil properties and farming management conditions have a greater impact on total erosion. Generally, the soil has loose soil and low fertility, and the alkaline soil is heavier. The moist soil is conducive to the occurrence and expansion of diseases, and the irrigated land is heavier than the dry land. Rotation with non-host crop rotations or floods and dry crops is less frequent. Strongly developed roots have strong resistance to disease, and the addition of decomposed organic fertilizer can reduce the incidence. Early winter wheat sowing is heavy.
In recent years, the occurrence area of ​​wheat full-blown disease is expanding year by year. The fungus not only infects the roots and bases of wheat stems in 1-2 sections, but also causes insufficient supply of nutrients in the stems and leaves of wheat, and can also dwarf and yellow the above-ground parts. , wilting, severe death, wheat spikes before becoming mature gray ear, resulting in reduced production. Prevention and control of wheat full-blown disease, prevention should be the main, coordinated quarantine, cultivation, chemical agents and biotechnology and other comprehensive measures in order to minimize the damage of wheat full-blown disease.
Wheat powdery mildew
In recent years, with the change of water and fertilizer conditions in wheat and the increase of planting density, wheat powdery mildew has become a serious disease among wheat fields, which can be infested from seedlings to adult plants. It is suggested that the prevention and control of wheat powdery mildew by farmers should be based on fitness training, and scientific drug control is the key.
Wheat powdery mildew has a wide range of adaptation to humidity and temperature. Conidia can germinate at 0-100% relative humidity. Generally, the higher the humidity, the higher the germination rate, but the germination rate drops in water droplets. Conidia can germinate at 0.5-30 °C, most suitable for 10-18 °C. Wheat powdery mildew is an obligate parasite that must grow on living host tissues. The conidiospores of germs spread over long distances with the airstream and expand and infect. Wheat powdery mildew can develop from autumn to adult growth in wheat, and it is an outbreak during May to June. In the wheat booting stage to the heading temperature is not higher than 25 °C, its conidia can germinate. Suitable temperature 10-18 °C. At around 18°C, relative humidity is easily between 80% and 97%. The higher the relative humidity, the higher the conidial germination rate and the more severe the disease. In general, more rainy days, higher humidity, and lack of light are the major habitat conditions for severe powdery mildew.
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