Potato efficient cultivation and fertilization technology [Figure]
High-efficiency cultivation technology of potato, potato is a high-starch tuber crop, seedling stage, tuber formation and growth period, and starch accumulation period. During the whole growth period, potatoes absorb the most potassium fertilizer, followed by nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. The need for nutrients in different growth stages has different characteristics. In the seedling stage, because the tubers are rich in nutrients, they need less nutrients, accounting for about 1/4 of the total growth period. During tuber formation and growth, the growth of stems and leaves in the shoots and the expansion of tubers occur simultaneously, requiring more fertilizer, accounting for about 1/2 of the total fertilizer requirement. During the starch accumulation period, it needs less nutrients, accounting for about 1/4 of the total growth period.
It can be seen that the supply of nutrients in tuber formation and growth period is sufficient, which plays an important role in increasing potato yield and starch content. The fertilization technology of potatoes should follow the principle of relying mainly on farmyard manure, supplemented by chemical fertilizers, based on basic fertilizers and appropriate topdressing.
Top dressing. Potatoes require a large amount of micronutrients such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron and zinc. Therefore, combined with local soil fertility and potato growth, root fertilization should be carried out in time to improve potato resistance and yield. . From the time when the potato seedlings begin to spread, every 7 to 10 days of foliar application of foliar fertilizer and use with photosynthetic nutrient film fertilizer can help plants absorb a lot of light fertilizer, light energy, light, compatible with conventional fertilizers, and nourishment supplies to plants. Growth and development to the limit. One-year benefits for one application.
Apply nitrogen fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer should not be too late in topdressing, and potassium fertilizer should be the main in the middle and late stages. It can be applied in 2 to 3 times. When the seedlings are used, the first top dressing is carried out to promote early growth and increase the photosynthesis area.
The combination of the two and the top dressing can avoid the growth of the stems and leaves of the potato and affect the swelling and quality of the tubers. At the time of the bud, the second top dressing is carried out, and the foliar spray of the fruit is strong, which can activate the positive energy of the plant ecological growth, broaden the plant conduit path, enhance the water absorption and fertilizer absorption of the plant, and improve the fruit yield and quality.
Reapply the base fertilizer. Potatoes are tuber crops that prefer loose sandy soil and require a cool climate. The amount of base fertilizer generally accounts for more than 2/3 of the total fertilization amount. The base fertilizer is mainly based on fully decomposed farmyard manure, and a certain amount of chemical fertilizer is added, especially the phosphorus-potassium fertilizer as the base fertilizer, which can improve the physical properties of the soil and is beneficial to growth and Potatoes. The amount of nitrogen fertilizer in the base fertilizer accounts for about 50%. The application method is applied in the ditch or hole before planting, and the depth is about 15 cm.
The specific fertilization amount is about 1500 kg per mu. The organic fertilizer is 1500-2500 kg per mu, the urea is 20 kg, the calcium is 20-30 kg, the potassium fertilizer is 10-12 kg, or the high nitrogen and high potassium compound fertilizer 40 ~60 kg, the amount of fertilizer applied in high-yield areas can be increased appropriately. Fertilizer should be applied 2 to 3 cm away from the seed potato to avoid direct contact with the seed potato and cover the soil after fertilization.
Early fattening. Topdressing should be carried out in accordance with the reasonable growth period of the potato, and the nitrogen fertilizer should be applied in the seedling stage. It can be combined with the cultivating soil for 5-8 kg of urea per acre to help the seedlings. After the potato is flowering, the rhizosphere topdressing is generally not carried out, especially the nitrogen fertilizer cannot be applied.
After the potato is flowering, spray 50 kg of 0.3-0.5% potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution per acre of leaf surface. If nitrogen is deficient, increase 100-150 g of urea, spray once every 10 to 15 days, and spray 2 to 3 times. Potatoes are sensitive to boron and zinc. If the soil is deficient in boron or zinc deficiency, it can be sprayed with 0.1-0.3% borax or zinc sulfate root. Generally, it is sprayed once every 7 days, even sprayed twice, with 50 solutions per acre. ~70 kg can be.
It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that potatoes are potassium-producing crops, and special attention should be paid to the application of potash fertilizer in balanced fertilization. At the same time, it is not appropriate to apply too much chlorine-containing fertilizer, such as potassium chloride, potassium sulfate should be used, otherwise it will affect the quality of potatoes.
Potato efficient cultivation technology
The asexual reproduction process of potato fertilization process enters the three stages of germination, seedling and germination, and then enters the potato and dormancy period, and completes a fertility cycle. After a period of dormancy, the harvested tubers can germinate at 4 ° C, and the shoots grow fastest at 13 ° C. The optimum temperature for stem and leaf growth is 21 °C; the optimum temperature for tuber formation is 14 to 24 °C during the day and 12 to 17 °C during the night.
Potato growth conditions
Short daylight and strong light are conducive to the swelling of the tubers, and the tubers formed by the excessive temperature are small. Potatoes should be planted in sandy soil or loam with good drainage, deep plough layer, high organic matter content, and fertile and loose soil. The pH of the soil is preferably from pH 5.0 to 6.5.
Potato fertilizer requirement
Nitrogen makes the stems and leaves grow lush, the leaves are dark green, the photosynthesis is strong, the accumulation of organic matter is increased, and the protein content is increased. If there is too much nitrogen fertilizer, especially in the late growth stage, the plant is prolonged, the tissue is tender, the tuber is matured, and the yield is reduced. Phosphorus promotes plant growth, improves tuber quality and storability, and increases starch content and yield. If the phosphorus is insufficient, the plants and leaves are short, the photosynthesis is weakened, the yield is reduced, and the potato pieces are prone to hollow, rust, hardening, and not easy to be boiled, which affects the eating quality.
Potassium can improve the disease resistance and cold tolerance of plants, accelerate nutrient transport, and increase the content of starch and vitamins in tubers. If potassium is insufficient, growth is inhibited, the aerial part is dwarfed, the internodes become shorter, the clusters are dense, the leaves are dark green and gradually turn into bronze, the leaves are brown and dead, and the potato pieces are mostly long or spindle-shaped. Grayish black.
Boron is good for potato tubers and can prevent cracking. It has a special effect on improving the net photosynthetic productivity of plants. Copper can increase protein content and increase plant respiration. Increasing chlorophyll content, delaying leaf senescence and enhancing drought resistance have a good effect. At the same time, it also has the effect of increasing the net photosynthetic productivity of plants.
Potatoes absorb the most potassium fertilizer during the growth period, followed by nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. Nitrogen is most abundant from the time of germination to the beginning and the beginning of flower buds. The phosphorus content decreases with the extension of the plant growth period. The potassium content is low at the time of germination, and increases rapidly after germination, but decreases after the flowering period. Both magnesium and calcium tend to increase with prolonged growth. The nutrients in the stems and leaves move to the tubers as they begin to expand. The inorganic components of nitrogen and potassium in the tubers account for 70% of total absorption, phosphorus accounts for 90%, calcium accounts for 10%, and magnesium accounts for about 50%.
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