The use of base fertilizer is very important in vegetable cultivation. In production, there are many problems caused by base fertilizers. How do you adjust them by measuring soil?
The base fertilizer is a prerequisite for soil conservation
First, the amount of organic fertilizer should be sufficient. It is understood that the overuse of organic fertilizer is only an individual phenomenon. Most shanty farmers use organic fertilizers generally. The data shows that the organic matter consumed by one acre of vegetables is about 2,000 kilograms. Therefore, sufficient amount of organic matter can be used to make up for the consumed organic matter. It is generally recommended that the amount of organic fertilizer per acre should reach about 10,000 kilograms, and high-quality livestock manure, rice husk manure, and high-quality straw can be selected. Of course, high-quality commercial organic fertilizer can also be used as a mixed method.
Second, add the appropriate amount of chemical fertilizers and biological bacteria. In order to ensure that the base fertilizer can adequately supply the nutrients for the whole growth period of the vegetables, the organic fertilizer is often mixed with chemical fertilizers in the base fertilizer. Usually, 100% of the required phosphorus fertilizer, 20%-50% of potassium fertilizer, and 30%-50% of nitrogen fertilizer are mixed into the organic fertilizer and applied. The amount of chemical fertilizers should be adjusted according to the quality and quantity of organic fertilizer used. The addition of biological bacterial fertilizer in the base fertilizer can better improve the soil and increase the absorption and utilization of nutrients. On the other hand, the biological bacterial fertilizer can play an antibacterial role in the prevention of root diseases and the damage of the heavy mash.
Again, use effective trace elements. Under normal circumstances, the trace elements that need to be applied in the base fertilizer are calcium fertilizer, boron fertilizer, and iron-zinc fertilizer. Pay attention to the application of micro-fertilizer, to purchase an effective fertilizer product. A vegetable farmer once discovered that although a sufficient amount of calcium fertilizer was applied, the calcium content was found to be insufficient after regular soil testing. This shows that the calcium fertilizer used is a fake fertilizer without any effect.
In addition, the mode of application should be changed. First of all, basic fertilizers have to be deepened. In general, the depth of the rotary tiller is about 20 cm, which often results in the enrichment of surface nutrients. The vegetable roots are all fat. After the planting, the root system will expand with the extension of fertilizers. A large number of roots will be concentrated in the soil about 20 cm, which will not only affect the growth of the vegetables, but also reduce the resistance of the plants. When entering the winter, they are vulnerable to low temperature damage. . In an interview, the reporter discovered that if the fertilizer is concentrated on the surface, roots like cucumbers will grow in circling, rather than deep and vertical. Secondly, when the amount of base fertilizer is small, it is possible to adopt methods such as ditching and planting, and when the amount of base fertilizer is large, the entire shed must be deeply turned.
Bottom fertilizer adjusts early to adjust soil
In the winter and spring season, the longest time is 10 days. Many vegetable farmers test the soil under the condition that the base fertilizer is applied. Although this can not directly reflect the nutrient status of the upper soil, we can still judge the spring time based on the test results. What happens after the vegetable is planted can also be adjusted according to the fertilization of vegetables.
Sun Shifu, a vegetable farmer from Qingzhou City, Shandong Province, conducted soil testing on soil in the shed after changing soil. The results showed that soil hydrolyzable nitrogen, available potassium, soil chloride ions and sodium ions were all exceeded, and soil hydrolyzable nitrogen was 458 mg/kg. . As a result, the soil salinity reached 4.17 g/kg, which is theoretically not suitable for vegetable growth. The soil organic matter was 18.60g/kg, which did not reach the suitable range of 20.0g/kg for vegetables.
From the test results, it is not difficult to see that Master Sun used excessive amounts of chemical fertilizers in the base fertilizer, but the amount of organic fertilizer was small, and high-nitrogen and high-potassium fertilizers were the main chemical fertilizers, which was an important cause of excessive salt content in the soil. factor. This soil condition will lead to the lack of organic matter, the formation of aggregate structure, the survival of microorganisms will be affected, the physical and chemical properties of the soil will be bad, and nutrient conversion will be slow. The buffering ability of ground temperature dips due to inclement weather, watering, etc., has decreased.
Then, how do you adjust the fertilization when the fertilizer is over-used or biased?
First, it is best to fill the water before planting. Using the characteristics of relative loss of nitrogen and potassium to bring it into deep soil, on the one hand it can prevent the nitrogen fertilizer from entering the air and cause waste. On the other hand, it prevents large amounts of nutrients from being concentrated in about 20 cm of soil to cause salinization and affect the root system. tie. It can also dilute the higher concentration of salt solution in the soil. It is best not to use any type of nitrogen or potassium fertilizer before flowering and fruit setting.
Secondly, in the early stage of vegetable growth, organic fertilizers with high organic nitrogen content and relatively low nitrogen content can be applied or flushed. Supplement the lack of organic matter in the soil and promote the formation of granule structure. After entering the fruiting period, according to the growth of the plants, the amount of balanced water-soluble fertilizer is appropriately increased. After entering the fruitful period, the plant must maintain vegetative growth and meet the requirement of bulking fruit, and can topically apply high-nitrogen and potassium-soluble water-soluble fertilizers.
In addition, most of the soil in the local area is alkaline soil. The content of boron, zinc, and iron in the soil may be insufficient. After the establishment of the seedlings, the whole nutrient foliar fertilizer containing zinc, iron, and boron should be sprayed.
Also: These 10 kinds of fertilizer greenhouse vegetables can not be used!
1 greenhouse vegetables do not use large amounts of cooked cake fat
Because the ratio of carbon-nitrogen in the cake is small and the decomposition is fast, the high-temperature and high-concentration ammonia and organic acids are easily generated locally, and it is easy to burn the roots. The cake fat should be broken, soaked with human feces and urine for about 3 weeks, and then used after high-temperature fermentation.
2 Do not apply ammonium sulfate in vegetable greenhouses in winter and prohibit the use of ammonium bicarbonate.
Ammonium sulfate is a physiological acid fertilizer that will increase the acidity of the soil and damage the soil structure after application. After the application of ammonium bicarbonate, a large amount of ammonia is volatilized, which is unfavorable for the growth of vegetables.
3 Do not use chemical fertilizers containing chlorine in vegetable greenhouses
Chloride ions can reduce the starch and sugar content of vegetables, make the quality of vegetables worse, the yield decreases, and chloride ions remain in the soil, can lead to acidification of the soil, easily lead to decalcification of the soil.
4 greenhouse vegetables do not apply fertilizer under drought conditions
Vegetables are hi-water crops. Fertilizing when the soil is dry, not only can the fertilizer effect not be fully exerted, but also the concentration of soil solution can suddenly increase, making it easier for the vegetables to burn their roots. Therefore, the fertilization of vegetables should be combined with irrigation, fertilization should be carried out, and the fertilizer should be irrigated afterwards, or the fertilizer should be applied along the water.
5 Do not apply DAP in winter in vegetable greenhouses
Vegetables need a lot of nitrogen and potassium, and they need less phosphorus. In addition, it should be noted that diammonium phosphate should not be mixed with alkaline fertilizers such as grass ash to avoid ammonia volatilization and ammonia damage.
6 Not suitable for topdressing potassium fertilizer in vegetable greenhouses
Vegetables generally require more potassium before and after flowering and gradually decrease thereafter.
7 It is not suitable to disperse phosphate fertilizer in vegetable greenhouses
Phosphorus is easily absorbed by the soil and loses its effectiveness. Therefore, phosphate fertilizers are suitable as basal fertilizers or concentrated in root-dense soil layers in the early stage of vegetables.
8 It is not appropriate to apply phosphate fertilizer and zinc fertilizer in vegetable greenhouses in winter.
When zinc deficiency occurs in vegetables, 0.05%-0.2% zinc sulfate solution can be sprayed on the leaves.
9 Be careful not to apply iron fertilizer into the soil
Because iron is easily converted by the soil into poorly soluble compounds, it loses its effectiveness. Iron is not easy to flow on the leaves and it should be sprayed on the leaves. It can be sprayed on the leaves of vegetables with 0.1%-0.3% ferrous sulfate solution.
10 Do not apply the rare earth micro-fertilizer directly to the soil in vegetable greenhouses in the winter. You can use 0.05%-0.07% rare-earth micro fertilizer solution to spray on vegetable leaves, and spray 50-60 kg of solution per acre.
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