Release date: 2014-08-08
Some people say: "If hepatocellular carcinoma is the king of cancer, pancreatic cancer is the king of the king," it is highly malignant, invasive and lethal. The treatment of advanced patients is particularly difficult and the prognosis is very bad. Fortunately, the recent research on pancreatic cancer is very popular. In addition to understanding a variety of pathogenesis, there are many diagnostic and therapeutic methods, which is undoubtedly a great news for patients with pancreatic cancer. Let's review it together.
Mechanism: genetic markers and therapeutic targets
Genetic risk markers: On August 3, scientists from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute in the United States published five new pancreatic cancer genetic risk markers in an article published in NatureGenetics. The study analyzed DNA from 7,683 patients with pancreatic cancer and 14,397 non-pancreatic cancer controls. Scientists have used sequencing technology to detect more than 700,000 genomic loci known to have single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The risks associated with each SNP or marker are largely independent and additive, so they can be used in the future to try to identify high-risk individuals with pancreatic cancer in the general population.
Therapeutic targets: On July 1, a study published in Cancer Research found that a protein, galectin-1, could be a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer. Galectin 1 is not found in normal pancreas but is strongly expressed in pancreatic tumors. This study observed that elimination of galectin-1 in mice had no detrimental consequences, suggesting that it may be a safe therapeutic target with no adverse effects.
Mutant Gene: On May 25, a mutated gene, UPF1, was discovered by researchers at the University of California School of Medicine's San Diego School of Medicine. It is the first known single molecule of the rare form of pancreatic cancer, adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC). label. ASC cases are rare, but usually a more common type of pancreatic cancer has a poorer prognosis. The researchers say that the UPF1 gene in ASC pancreatic tumors has both somatic and non-hereditary mutations and involves a highly conserved RNA degradation pathway. The study was published in Nature Medicine.
Diagnosis: new equipment and technology
Credit card-sized diagnostic equipment: In late July, researchers at the University of Washington developed a low-cost device like a credit card that helps pathologists diagnose pancreatic cancer earlier and faster, eliminating the need for clinicians to use it. Hand processing tissue, using a Syringe needle to obtain tissue samples into the prototype of the instrument, which can rely on the properties of the microfluidics to perform the basic steps of processing the biopsy tissue.
The researchers said the technology could treat biopsy sections as an over-the-counter kit and then send this information from remote areas to pathologists looking for signs of cancer. In addition, it has the potential to reduce the time required to diagnose cancer, in just a few minutes. They will soon apply for patents for related first-generation equipment and future technological advancements.
Short Carbon Nanotubes: On May 29th, a study published in the Journal of MaterialsChemistryB by researchers from Rice University in the United States developed a specially tailored short carbon nanotube that could transport drugs. Targeted killing of cancer cells in pancreatic cancer cells.
According to the researchers, the carbon nanotubes can successfully reach the pancreatic cancer cells and attack cancer cells by using the body's defense system in a small size. In this study, the researchers focused on improving drug delivery therapy for pancreatic cancer. Next, researchers will test the new drug delivery system in the mouse body. The researchers hope to enter the clinical trial phase as soon as possible to develop and treat the pancreas. New targeted therapies for cancer help.
Microfluidic device: A study published in the March 3 issue of Gastroenterology in the world of gastroenterology used a state-of-the-art microfluidic device to capture 33 patients with early pancreatic lesions but no Cancer is clinically diagnosed in patients with circulating pancreatic epithelial cells. The results indicate that circulating pancreatic cells seeded in the bloodstream prior to tumor formation can be detected by current clinical examinations such as CT or MRI scans, which may be an early sign of cancer. In addition, the American Society for Microbiology reported that there was a significant difference between oral microbial composition patterns and healthy controls in patients with pancreatic cancer. This discovery will greatly help early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.
Treatment: new drugs and new formulations
Rapamycin: A few days ago, in a research paper published in the international magazine Gut, researchers from the University of Glasgow in the United Kingdom found that an old drug (rapamycin) could be used. In previous clinical trials, when the researchers took rapamycin to all patients, they did not find it effective in inhibiting the development of pancreatic cancer. In this study, the researchers found that after administration of rapamycin in mice with pancreatic cancer due to PTEN mutations, the researchers found that rapamycin can effectively block the spread and development of cancer cells in some mice. In the body, rapamycin can even promote tumor death.
Tripterygium wilfordii extract: On June 1, a study published in the American Journal of Physiology by researchers at the University of Minnesota found that Tripterygium wilfordii extract inhibited the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells. GRP78 is a protein that protects cancer cells from death, is more abundant in cancer cells and tissues than in normal organs, and is thought to play a role in helping pancreatic cancer cells survive and develop. Although the increased expression of GRP78 confers a survival advantage on tumor cells, prolonged exposure to triptolide induces chronic ER stress, which ultimately leads to cancer cell death. In this case, inhibition of GRP78 by triptonin-activated ER stress pathway provides a novel mechanism for inhibiting the growth and survival of pancreatic cancer cells.
Catechin: On May 18th, a study published online in Metabolomics magazine found that catechins (EGCG, the active ingredient in green tea) can disrupt whole cell metabolism by inhibiting the expression of the cancer-related enzyme LDHA. The balance of the network "flux" changes the metabolism of pancreatic cancer cells, thereby reducing the risk of cancer.
Pumpkin: In addition, scientists from the University of Colorado in the United States have found that pumpkin can reduce the proliferation of cancer cells in the pancreas, and eating it often helps prevent cancer. Scientists explain that cancer cells are unable to produce the sugar they need, so that cancer cells have to absorb sugar from other substances, and the substances contained in the pumpkin do not provide the cancer cells in the pancreas with the sugar they need, thus reducing their The survival rate of cancer cells.
Xiaobian's message: Pancreatic cancer is a kind of malignant tumor with high degree of malignancy and difficult diagnosis and treatment. Jobs died because of it. It is still a major problem and severe challenge facing the medical profession. Only by continuously elucidating the multi-directional pathological mechanism of the disease, and inventing more rapid and accurate diagnostic methods in the early stage, and finding specific drug targets suitable for different patients, can truly relieve the worry of pancreatic cancer patients.
Source: Bio-Exploration
1.The common serum tube red cap collection vessel contains no additives, no anticoagulant and procoagulant components, only vacuum. Used for routine serum biochemistry, blood bank, and serological-related tests, a variety of biochemical and immunological tests, such as syphilis, hepatitis B quantification, etc., do not need to shake after drawing blood. The sample preparation type was serum. After blood was drawn, it was placed in a water bath at 37℃ for more than 30min, centrifuged, and the upper layer of serum was used for reserve.
2. There is a procoagulant in the orange head of the rapid serum tube to accelerate the coagulation process. The rapid serum tube can coagulate the collected blood within 5 minutes, which is suitable for emergency serum series tests. It is the most commonly used coagulant test tube in daily biochemistry, immunity, serum, and hormone. After blood is drawn, it can be mixed reversely 5-8 times and can be placed in a 37℃ water bath for 10-20min when the room temperature is low, and the upper serum can be centrifuged for use.
3. Inert separation glue and coagulant are added to the yellow head cap Blood Collection Tube of inert separation glue. The specimens remained stable for 48 hours after centrifugation. The procoagulant can quickly activate the coagulation mechanism and accelerate the coagulation process. The type of serum preparation is suitable for emergency serum biochemical and pharmacokinetics tests. After collection, the mixture was reversed 5-8 times and stood upright for 20-30min before the supernatant was centrifuged and used.
4. The sodium citrate concentration required by the citrate erythrocyte sedimentation test tube with black cap is 3.2% (equivalent to 0.109mol/L), and the ratio of anticoagulant to blood is 1:4. Containing 3.8% sodium citrate 0.4mL, the blood was drawn to 2.0ml, which was a special test tube for erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The sample type was plasma, which was suitable for erythrocyte sedimentation. The blood was reversed and mixed 5-8 times immediately after the blood was drawn. It should be shaken again when it is used. The difference between it and the test tube for coagulation factors is that the concentration of anticoagulant is different from the proportion of blood and cannot be confused.
5. Sodium citrate coagulation test tube light blue cap Sodium citrate plays an anticoagulant role mainly by chelating with calcium ions in blood samples. The National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards recommends an anticoagulant concentration of 3.2% or 3.8% (equivalent to 0.109 or 0.129mol per liter), with an anticoagulant to blood ratio of 1:9. The vacuum tubes contained 0.2mL of 3.2% sodium citrate anticoagulant, and the blood was collected to 2.0ml. The sample preparation type was whole blood or plasma. After collection, the samples were immediately reversed and mixed 5-8 times, and the upper plasma was taken after centrifugation for use.
6. Heparin is added to the green head of the heparin anticoagulant tube. Heparin has a direct antithrombin effect and can prolong the coagulation time of the specimen. It is used in emergency and most biochemical tests, such as liver function, renal function, blood lipids, and blood glucose. It is suitable for erythrocyte fragility tests, blood gas analyses, hematocrit tests, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and common biochemical tests. It is not suitable for hemagglutination tests. Excessive amounts of heparin cause aggregation of leukocytes and cannot be used for leukocyte counting. Because it can make the background of the blood stain pale blue, it is also not suitable for leukocyte classification. It can be used for hemorheological use, the sample type is plasma, and immediately after blood collection, it is reversed and mixed 5-8 times, and the upper plasma is taken for use.
7. The light green head of the plasma separation tube is added with heparin lithium anticoagulant in the inert separation rubber tube, which can achieve the purpose of rapid separation of plasma. It is the choice of electrolyte detection, and can also be used for routine plasma biochemical determination and ICU and other emergency plasma biochemical detection. It is used in emergency and most biochemical tests, such as liver function, renal function, blood lipids, and blood glucose. Plasma samples can be directly loaded on the machine and remain stable for 48 hours in refrigerated storage. It can be used for hemorheological use, the sample type is plasma, and immediately after blood collection, it is reversed and mixed 5-8 times, and the upper plasma is taken for use.
8. Potassium oxalate/sodium fluoride grey cap sodium fluoride is a kind of weak anticoagulant, usually with potassium oxalate or sodium ethylate combined use, the proportion of sodium fluoride 1 part, potassium oxalate 3 parts. "This mixture, 4mg, does not coagulate 1ml of blood for 23 days and inhibits glycogenolysis, is not useful for urease determination of urea, nor for alkaline phosphatase and amylase determination, and is recommended for blood glucose determination." It contains sodium fluoride or potassium oxalate or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA-Na) spray, which can inhibit the activity of enolase in glucose metabolism. After blood is drawn, it is mixed reversely 5-8 times, and after centrifugation, the supernatant plasma is taken for use. It is a special tube for the rapid determination of blood glucose.
9. EDTA anticoagulant tube purple cap ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA, molecular weight 292) and its salt is an amino polycarboxylic acid, suitable for general hematology test, is the first choice for blood routine, glycosylated hemoglobin, blood group test tube. It is not suitable for coagulation tests and platelet function tests. It is also not suitable for the determination of calcium, potassium, sodium, iron, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, and leucine aminopeptidase. 100ml of the 2.7%EDTA-K2 solution was sprayed on the inner wall of the vacuum tube, blown dry at 45 ° C, and blood was collected to 2mI. Immediately after blood was drawn, the mixture was reversed and mixed 5-8 times before use. The sample type was whole blood, which should be mixed during clinical use.
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